Advanced Pathophysiology midterm EXAM
Expected Questions and Answers ()
(Verified Answers)- Chamberlain
1. Endoplasmic reticulum - CORRECT ANSWER protein folding occurs
2. Lysosomes - CORRECT ANSWER needed for digesting and defense
3. mitochondria - CORRECT ANSWER ATP cellular respiration
4. Nucleolus - CORRECT ANSWER Where RNA transcription occurs
5. Nucleus - CORRECT ANSWER contains DNA
6. peroxisomes - CORRECT ANSWER detoxifies fatty acids
7. Ribosomes - CORRECT ANSWER transport proteins and begin protein
synthesis
8. What is the result of glycolysis - CORRECT ANSWER 2 molecules of ATP and
2 molecules of pyruvate
9. Oxidative phosphorylation - CORRECT ANSWER The production of ATP using
energy in the presence of oxygen to convert pyruvate to acetyll co-A
10. anaerobic glycolysis - CORRECT ANSWER pyruvate is converted to lactic acid
11. where is most ATP synthesized? - CORRECT ANSWER in the mitochondria
12. what part of the cell communicates with other cells to promote migration? -
CORRECT ANSWER the plasma membrane
13. Paracrine membrane contact - CORRECT ANSWER release of chemicals to
cells close by
14. autocrine membrane contact - CORRECT ANSWER cells signal themselves
15. hormonal membrane communication - CORRECT ANSWER hormones act as
chemical signals
16. neurohormonal membrane communication - CORRECT ANSWER neurons
release neurotransmitters that travel in the blood vs a synapse
,17. what are examples of hormonal processes mediated by cAMP - CORRECT
ANSWER epinephrine
18. ACTH
19. glucagon
20. ADH
21. thrombin
22. secondary messengers - CORRECT ANSWER involved in cell signaling
23. ligand binds to a receptor, signals cAMP or ca++
24. hypoxic injury - CORRECT ANSWER results from lack of O2, leads to DNA
damage
25. what do reactive oxygen species result in - CORRECT ANSWER increased cell
damage and deah
26. what is tonicity - CORRECT ANSWER the osmotic force exerted by molecules
like sodium and albumin
27. isotonic fluid deficit S/s and labs - CORRECT ANSWER dehydration
28. isotonic fluid excess s/s and labs - CORRECT ANSWER hypervolemia, low
H&H, hyponatremia, edema, pulmonary edema, HTN
29. Na+ lab value - CORRECT ANSWER 135-145 mEq/L
30. K+ lab value - CORRECT ANSWER 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
31. Ca+ lab value - CORRECT ANSWER 8.5-10.5 mg/dL
32. Mg+ lab value - CORRECT ANSWER 1.5-3 mg/dL
33. what electrolytes are effected by kidney failure? - CORRECT ANSWER
increased serum and potassium, magnesium, and phosphare
34. What does aldosterone promote - CORRECT ANSWER sodium retention and
potassium excretion
35. leads to fluid retention
36. what does ADH promote? - CORRECT ANSWER water reabsorption in the
collecting duct
37. what is the difference between DI and SIADH? - CORRECT ANSWER DI: low
ADH
38. polyuria
39. hypernatremia
, 40. dehydrtion
41. SIADH: excess ADH,
42. oliguria
43. -low urine output
44. -hyponatremia
45. what electrolytes to diuretics effect - CORRECT ANSWER sodium, potassium,
and magnesium
46. describe potassium's effect on the heart - CORRECT ANSWER hypokalemia
delays repolarization leading to AV block and decreased skeletal muscle
movement, potential respiratory arrest
47. hyperkalemia- shortened repolarization- fibrillation, muscle weakness, possible
paralysis
48. which electrolyte can be used to treat hyperkalemia and why? - CORRECT
ANSWER calcium- it stabilizes membrane potential
49. describe the effect of PTH on calcium - CORRECT ANSWER PTH pulls
calcium from bone to increase amount in plasma
50. describe the effect vitamin D has on calcium - CORRECT ANSWER VD
increases calcium absorption in the intestines
51. describe the effect magnesium has on calcium - CORRECT ANSWER
magnesium blocks calcium uptake in cells leading to smooth muscle relaxation-
anticonvulsant
52. how does magnesium deficiency effect calcium - CORRECT ANSWER
magnesium deficiency decreases PTH release leading to hypocalcemia
53. what is the antitode for hypermagnesemia? - CORRECT ANSWER calcium
gluconate
54. what is the effect that phosphorus has on calcium - CORRECT ANSWER it
decreases plasma levels
55. what are the 2 ways to form carbonic acid? - CORRECT ANSWER CO2 and
water from the lungs and H and HCO3 from the kidneys
56. what is the kidneys response to acidosis? - CORRECT ANSWER they release
hydrogen ions to preserve bicarb
57. what does acidosis with a normal anion gap indicate? - CORRECT ANSWER
early renal failure
Expected Questions and Answers ()
(Verified Answers)- Chamberlain
1. Endoplasmic reticulum - CORRECT ANSWER protein folding occurs
2. Lysosomes - CORRECT ANSWER needed for digesting and defense
3. mitochondria - CORRECT ANSWER ATP cellular respiration
4. Nucleolus - CORRECT ANSWER Where RNA transcription occurs
5. Nucleus - CORRECT ANSWER contains DNA
6. peroxisomes - CORRECT ANSWER detoxifies fatty acids
7. Ribosomes - CORRECT ANSWER transport proteins and begin protein
synthesis
8. What is the result of glycolysis - CORRECT ANSWER 2 molecules of ATP and
2 molecules of pyruvate
9. Oxidative phosphorylation - CORRECT ANSWER The production of ATP using
energy in the presence of oxygen to convert pyruvate to acetyll co-A
10. anaerobic glycolysis - CORRECT ANSWER pyruvate is converted to lactic acid
11. where is most ATP synthesized? - CORRECT ANSWER in the mitochondria
12. what part of the cell communicates with other cells to promote migration? -
CORRECT ANSWER the plasma membrane
13. Paracrine membrane contact - CORRECT ANSWER release of chemicals to
cells close by
14. autocrine membrane contact - CORRECT ANSWER cells signal themselves
15. hormonal membrane communication - CORRECT ANSWER hormones act as
chemical signals
16. neurohormonal membrane communication - CORRECT ANSWER neurons
release neurotransmitters that travel in the blood vs a synapse
,17. what are examples of hormonal processes mediated by cAMP - CORRECT
ANSWER epinephrine
18. ACTH
19. glucagon
20. ADH
21. thrombin
22. secondary messengers - CORRECT ANSWER involved in cell signaling
23. ligand binds to a receptor, signals cAMP or ca++
24. hypoxic injury - CORRECT ANSWER results from lack of O2, leads to DNA
damage
25. what do reactive oxygen species result in - CORRECT ANSWER increased cell
damage and deah
26. what is tonicity - CORRECT ANSWER the osmotic force exerted by molecules
like sodium and albumin
27. isotonic fluid deficit S/s and labs - CORRECT ANSWER dehydration
28. isotonic fluid excess s/s and labs - CORRECT ANSWER hypervolemia, low
H&H, hyponatremia, edema, pulmonary edema, HTN
29. Na+ lab value - CORRECT ANSWER 135-145 mEq/L
30. K+ lab value - CORRECT ANSWER 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
31. Ca+ lab value - CORRECT ANSWER 8.5-10.5 mg/dL
32. Mg+ lab value - CORRECT ANSWER 1.5-3 mg/dL
33. what electrolytes are effected by kidney failure? - CORRECT ANSWER
increased serum and potassium, magnesium, and phosphare
34. What does aldosterone promote - CORRECT ANSWER sodium retention and
potassium excretion
35. leads to fluid retention
36. what does ADH promote? - CORRECT ANSWER water reabsorption in the
collecting duct
37. what is the difference between DI and SIADH? - CORRECT ANSWER DI: low
ADH
38. polyuria
39. hypernatremia
, 40. dehydrtion
41. SIADH: excess ADH,
42. oliguria
43. -low urine output
44. -hyponatremia
45. what electrolytes to diuretics effect - CORRECT ANSWER sodium, potassium,
and magnesium
46. describe potassium's effect on the heart - CORRECT ANSWER hypokalemia
delays repolarization leading to AV block and decreased skeletal muscle
movement, potential respiratory arrest
47. hyperkalemia- shortened repolarization- fibrillation, muscle weakness, possible
paralysis
48. which electrolyte can be used to treat hyperkalemia and why? - CORRECT
ANSWER calcium- it stabilizes membrane potential
49. describe the effect of PTH on calcium - CORRECT ANSWER PTH pulls
calcium from bone to increase amount in plasma
50. describe the effect vitamin D has on calcium - CORRECT ANSWER VD
increases calcium absorption in the intestines
51. describe the effect magnesium has on calcium - CORRECT ANSWER
magnesium blocks calcium uptake in cells leading to smooth muscle relaxation-
anticonvulsant
52. how does magnesium deficiency effect calcium - CORRECT ANSWER
magnesium deficiency decreases PTH release leading to hypocalcemia
53. what is the antitode for hypermagnesemia? - CORRECT ANSWER calcium
gluconate
54. what is the effect that phosphorus has on calcium - CORRECT ANSWER it
decreases plasma levels
55. what are the 2 ways to form carbonic acid? - CORRECT ANSWER CO2 and
water from the lungs and H and HCO3 from the kidneys
56. what is the kidneys response to acidosis? - CORRECT ANSWER they release
hydrogen ions to preserve bicarb
57. what does acidosis with a normal anion gap indicate? - CORRECT ANSWER
early renal failure
