NURS 1060 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE
Fluid and Electrolytes
the physiological mechanisms that maintain fluid and electrolyte balance that promote
bodily functions
Fluid and Electrolyte imbalances are caused by...
Fluid and Electrolyte imbalances are directly caused by illness or disease.
ex: burns or heart failure
Fluid and Electrolyte imbalances can be a result of...
therapeutic measures
ex: IV fluid replacement or diuretics
How may fluid and electrolyte imbalances be classified?
Excess or deficits
ex: patient with prolonged NG suction will love sodium and potassium
ECF volume
the volume outside of cells
- intravascular: plasma
,- transcellular: synovial, csf
- interstitial: between cells
Where do fluid volume changes occur?
ONLY outside of cells in ECF
- intravascular
Hypovolemia
ECF volume deficit
- decreased fluid in intravascular space
Hypervolemia and edema
ECF volume excess
- increased fluid in intravascular space
What can cause an ECF volume deficit?
abnormal loss of normal body fluids
- GI: vomiting, diarrhea, suctioning, fistulas, drainage, chronic laxative/enema abuse
- Renal: diuretics, renal disorders, endocrine disorders
Hemorrhage
Burns
Inadequate intake
How can GI system cause volume deficit?
vomiting, diarrhea, suctioning, fistulas, drainage, chronic laxative or enema abuse
How can Renal system cause volume deficit?
diuretics, renal disorders, endocrine disorders
True/False: Open wounds that are draining will result in electrolyte loss.
,True
Symptoms of ECF Volume Deficit
Initial symptoms:
- thirst, dry mucus membranes, reduced urine output, weakness, lethargy, postural
orthostatic hypotension
Possible hypovolemic shock: WORST THING
- hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnea, decreased or absent urine output and decreased
cardiac output
Coma, death, seizure
Assessment for ECF Volume Deficit
- monitor intake and output
- daily weights
- vital signs; incl orthostatic BP and pulse
- skin turgor, mucus membrane moisture, cap refill
- lab work - Increased H+H would mean blood is more concentrated due to low fluid
volume
If a patient comes in with a fluid deficit or excess what should we plan to assess?
Daily weights
How can we treat ECF Volume Deficit?
- replace water and electrolytes
- PO fluids rehydration; if A+O, not NPO
, - IV fluids: Isotonic solutions - normal saline ; esp if sodium level is low -> usually
ordered because rapidly increases volume
- Blood is administered when volume loss is a result of blood loss - when we lose blood
H+H decreases
What can we evaluate to determine if treatment for ECF Volume Deficit was
successful?
H+H normal, electrolytes normal, increased BP and HR, increased urine output
What is the most common reason for ECF Volume Excess?
Retention of sodium and water
- CHF, liver cirrhosis, renal failure, stress conditions; increased ADH and aldosterone.
- aldosterone works primarily in colon - increases absorption of salt and water
- ADH -> produce less urine -> increases absorption of water and sodium
What are causes of ECF volume excess?
- retention of sodium and water
- excessive intake of:
sodium containing foods, drugs that cause sodium retention, sodium-containing IV fluids
What is a drug that can cause sodium retention?
Diuretics cause sodium retention
Sodium bicarbonate
some corticosteroids
What can happen to people taking long term steroids?
gain weight due to retaining fluid
What are some symptoms of ECF Volume Excess?
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE
Fluid and Electrolytes
the physiological mechanisms that maintain fluid and electrolyte balance that promote
bodily functions
Fluid and Electrolyte imbalances are caused by...
Fluid and Electrolyte imbalances are directly caused by illness or disease.
ex: burns or heart failure
Fluid and Electrolyte imbalances can be a result of...
therapeutic measures
ex: IV fluid replacement or diuretics
How may fluid and electrolyte imbalances be classified?
Excess or deficits
ex: patient with prolonged NG suction will love sodium and potassium
ECF volume
the volume outside of cells
- intravascular: plasma
,- transcellular: synovial, csf
- interstitial: between cells
Where do fluid volume changes occur?
ONLY outside of cells in ECF
- intravascular
Hypovolemia
ECF volume deficit
- decreased fluid in intravascular space
Hypervolemia and edema
ECF volume excess
- increased fluid in intravascular space
What can cause an ECF volume deficit?
abnormal loss of normal body fluids
- GI: vomiting, diarrhea, suctioning, fistulas, drainage, chronic laxative/enema abuse
- Renal: diuretics, renal disorders, endocrine disorders
Hemorrhage
Burns
Inadequate intake
How can GI system cause volume deficit?
vomiting, diarrhea, suctioning, fistulas, drainage, chronic laxative or enema abuse
How can Renal system cause volume deficit?
diuretics, renal disorders, endocrine disorders
True/False: Open wounds that are draining will result in electrolyte loss.
,True
Symptoms of ECF Volume Deficit
Initial symptoms:
- thirst, dry mucus membranes, reduced urine output, weakness, lethargy, postural
orthostatic hypotension
Possible hypovolemic shock: WORST THING
- hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnea, decreased or absent urine output and decreased
cardiac output
Coma, death, seizure
Assessment for ECF Volume Deficit
- monitor intake and output
- daily weights
- vital signs; incl orthostatic BP and pulse
- skin turgor, mucus membrane moisture, cap refill
- lab work - Increased H+H would mean blood is more concentrated due to low fluid
volume
If a patient comes in with a fluid deficit or excess what should we plan to assess?
Daily weights
How can we treat ECF Volume Deficit?
- replace water and electrolytes
- PO fluids rehydration; if A+O, not NPO
, - IV fluids: Isotonic solutions - normal saline ; esp if sodium level is low -> usually
ordered because rapidly increases volume
- Blood is administered when volume loss is a result of blood loss - when we lose blood
H+H decreases
What can we evaluate to determine if treatment for ECF Volume Deficit was
successful?
H+H normal, electrolytes normal, increased BP and HR, increased urine output
What is the most common reason for ECF Volume Excess?
Retention of sodium and water
- CHF, liver cirrhosis, renal failure, stress conditions; increased ADH and aldosterone.
- aldosterone works primarily in colon - increases absorption of salt and water
- ADH -> produce less urine -> increases absorption of water and sodium
What are causes of ECF volume excess?
- retention of sodium and water
- excessive intake of:
sodium containing foods, drugs that cause sodium retention, sodium-containing IV fluids
What is a drug that can cause sodium retention?
Diuretics cause sodium retention
Sodium bicarbonate
some corticosteroids
What can happen to people taking long term steroids?
gain weight due to retaining fluid
What are some symptoms of ECF Volume Excess?
