NURS242 Exam 3 Expected Questions
and Answers () (Verified
Answers)- Chamberlain
1. What is ventilation? - CORRECT ANSWER the movement of air into and out of
the lungs
2. What is perfusion? - CORRECT ANSWER the circulation of blood through the
lungs
3. What are central chemoreceptors responsive to? - CORRECT ANSWER
increased H+ in the brain ECF;
4. increased PaCO2;
5. "hypercarbic drive"
6. What are peripheral chemoreceptors responsive to? - CORRECT ANSWER
decreased pH;
7. increased PaCO2;
8. decreased PaO2;
9. "hypoxic drive"
10. What are elastic forces? - CORRECT ANSWER lungs recoil due to elastin,
collagen, fibrin
11. What are surface forces? - CORRECT ANSWER surface tension due to water-
air interface
12. What is airway resistance? - CORRECT ANSWER opposition to flow caused
by the forces of friction; primarily determined by airway radius
13. What is the distensibility of the lungs? - CORRECT ANSWER ease with which
the lungs can be inflated
14. What is lung distensibility increased in? - CORRECT ANSWER neonates and
children;
15. emphysema
16. What is lung distensibility decreased in? - CORRECT ANSWER elderly;
17. pneumonia, pulmonary edema, ARDS, atelectasis, fibrosis
18. What is surfactant? - CORRECT ANSWER complex substance lining the
alveoli and smallest bronchioles containing phospholipids and a number of
, apoproteins which reduces surface tension throughout the lungs, thereby
contributing to its general compliance;
19. stabilizes the alveoli and keeps them dry
20. What produces surfactant? - CORRECT ANSWER produced by the Type II
alveolar cells
21. What is Ohm's law? - CORRECT ANSWER velocity = driving force/resistance
22. What is Poiseuille law? - CORRECT ANSWER resistance = (8 x viscosity x
length) / (pi x radius^4)
23. What happens if the radius in the lungs goes down? - CORRECT ANSWER the
resistance goes up
24. How is the ventilation distributed in the lungs? - CORRECT ANSWER the top
of the lungs are more distended and less compliant whereas the lower lung is
small and highly compliant
25. What factors affect lung perfusion? - CORRECT ANSWER lung capacitance;
26. low resistance system;
27. flow influenced by gravity;
28. resistance primarily determined by vessel radius
29. What does hypoxia lead to? - CORRECT ANSWER vasoconstriction of
pulmonary vessels
30. What does prolonged hypoxia lead to? - CORRECT ANSWER pulmonary
hypertension
31. What factors affect alveolar-capillary diffusion? - CORRECT ANSWER capillary
permeability;
32. surface area available for diffusion;
33. concentration gradient for the gas;
34. distance for diffusion
35. What causes right shifts (decreased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2 affinity? -
CORRECT ANSWER acidemia;
36. hyperthermia;
37. hypercarbia
38. What causes left shifts (increased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2 affinity? -
CORRECT ANSWER alkalemia;
39. hypothermia;
40. hypocarbia
,41. What is hypoxemia? - CORRECT ANSWER deficient blood oxygen;
42. low PaO2;
43. low O2 saturation
44. What is hypoxia? - CORRECT ANSWER decreased tissue oxygen
45. What is hypoxic hypoxia? - CORRECT ANSWER decreased tissue oxygen
caused by decreased respirations
46. What is anemic hypoxia? - CORRECT ANSWER decreased tissue oxygen
caused by decreased hemoglobin
47. What is circulatory hypoxia? - CORRECT ANSWER decreased tissue oxygen
caused by decreased blood flow
48. What is histotoxic hypoxia? - CORRECT ANSWER decreased tissue oxygen
caused by increased toxic substance
49. What is ischemia? - CORRECT ANSWER greatly reduced or interrupted flow
through the arterial system, producing significant tissue hypoxia
50. What is hypercapnia? - CORRECT ANSWER increased level of CO2 in the
blood
51. What are S&S of acute hypoxia? - CORRECT ANSWER dyspnea;
restlessness; palpitations; agitation; headache; tremors; diaphoresis; respiratory
distress; cyanosis; tachypnea; tachycardia; dysrhythmias; hypertension; lethargy;
confusion to coma
52. What are some effects of hypercapnia? - CORRECT ANSWER respiratory
acidosis (decreased pH from increase in CO2); lethargy and confusion;
increased HR and BP; flushed skin; arrhythmias; seizures; coma; death
53. What is dyspnea? - CORRECT ANSWER subjective feeling of being SOB
54. What does dyspnea lead to? - CORRECT ANSWER decreased sense of
wellness which may cause psychological and social consequences
55. What is the leading cause of cancer death? - CORRECT ANSWER lung cancer
56. What is lung cancer most likely caused by? - CORRECT ANSWER cigarette
smoking;
57. asbestos;
58. familial predisposition
, 59. What are the manifestations of lung cancer? - CORRECT ANSWER cough,
hemoptysis (blood in cough sputum);
60. hoarseness;
61. chest pain;
62. often disseminated (spread widely) at time of diagnosis
63. What are the types of bronchogenic carcinomas? - CORRECT ANSWER
squamous cell lung carcinoma (25-40%);
64. adenocarcinoma (20-40%);
65. small cell carcinoma (20-25%);
66. large cell carcinoma (10-15%)
67. What is acute airway obstruction caused by? - CORRECT ANSWER foreign
body aspiration;
68. laryngospasm (spontaneous spasm of the vocal cords);
69. trauma
70. What is complete acute airway obstruction? - CORRECT ANSWER inspiratory
chest movements but no air movement;
71. tachycardia, cyanosis, rapid progression to unconsciousness
72. What is partial acute airway obstruction? - CORRECT ANSWER stridor (harsh
vibrating noise), wheezing, dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, retractions (chest
moving inward)
73. What are some respiratory disorders in children? - CORRECT ANSWER upper
airway infections: viral croup, spasmodic croup, and epiglotitis;
74. lower airway infections: acute bronchiolitis
75. What is croup (laryngotracheobronchitis)? - CORRECT ANSWER inflammation
of the larynx with a sudden onset;
76. barking cough with stridor
77. What are the manifestations of viral croup? - CORRECT ANSWER febrile;
78. upper respiratory infection precedes
79. What are the manifestations of spasmodic croup? - CORRECT ANSWER
afebrile;
80. may be allergic
81. What is epiglotitis? - CORRECT ANSWER bacterial infection of supraglottic
structures;
82. high mortality without treatment
and Answers () (Verified
Answers)- Chamberlain
1. What is ventilation? - CORRECT ANSWER the movement of air into and out of
the lungs
2. What is perfusion? - CORRECT ANSWER the circulation of blood through the
lungs
3. What are central chemoreceptors responsive to? - CORRECT ANSWER
increased H+ in the brain ECF;
4. increased PaCO2;
5. "hypercarbic drive"
6. What are peripheral chemoreceptors responsive to? - CORRECT ANSWER
decreased pH;
7. increased PaCO2;
8. decreased PaO2;
9. "hypoxic drive"
10. What are elastic forces? - CORRECT ANSWER lungs recoil due to elastin,
collagen, fibrin
11. What are surface forces? - CORRECT ANSWER surface tension due to water-
air interface
12. What is airway resistance? - CORRECT ANSWER opposition to flow caused
by the forces of friction; primarily determined by airway radius
13. What is the distensibility of the lungs? - CORRECT ANSWER ease with which
the lungs can be inflated
14. What is lung distensibility increased in? - CORRECT ANSWER neonates and
children;
15. emphysema
16. What is lung distensibility decreased in? - CORRECT ANSWER elderly;
17. pneumonia, pulmonary edema, ARDS, atelectasis, fibrosis
18. What is surfactant? - CORRECT ANSWER complex substance lining the
alveoli and smallest bronchioles containing phospholipids and a number of
, apoproteins which reduces surface tension throughout the lungs, thereby
contributing to its general compliance;
19. stabilizes the alveoli and keeps them dry
20. What produces surfactant? - CORRECT ANSWER produced by the Type II
alveolar cells
21. What is Ohm's law? - CORRECT ANSWER velocity = driving force/resistance
22. What is Poiseuille law? - CORRECT ANSWER resistance = (8 x viscosity x
length) / (pi x radius^4)
23. What happens if the radius in the lungs goes down? - CORRECT ANSWER the
resistance goes up
24. How is the ventilation distributed in the lungs? - CORRECT ANSWER the top
of the lungs are more distended and less compliant whereas the lower lung is
small and highly compliant
25. What factors affect lung perfusion? - CORRECT ANSWER lung capacitance;
26. low resistance system;
27. flow influenced by gravity;
28. resistance primarily determined by vessel radius
29. What does hypoxia lead to? - CORRECT ANSWER vasoconstriction of
pulmonary vessels
30. What does prolonged hypoxia lead to? - CORRECT ANSWER pulmonary
hypertension
31. What factors affect alveolar-capillary diffusion? - CORRECT ANSWER capillary
permeability;
32. surface area available for diffusion;
33. concentration gradient for the gas;
34. distance for diffusion
35. What causes right shifts (decreased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2 affinity? -
CORRECT ANSWER acidemia;
36. hyperthermia;
37. hypercarbia
38. What causes left shifts (increased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2 affinity? -
CORRECT ANSWER alkalemia;
39. hypothermia;
40. hypocarbia
,41. What is hypoxemia? - CORRECT ANSWER deficient blood oxygen;
42. low PaO2;
43. low O2 saturation
44. What is hypoxia? - CORRECT ANSWER decreased tissue oxygen
45. What is hypoxic hypoxia? - CORRECT ANSWER decreased tissue oxygen
caused by decreased respirations
46. What is anemic hypoxia? - CORRECT ANSWER decreased tissue oxygen
caused by decreased hemoglobin
47. What is circulatory hypoxia? - CORRECT ANSWER decreased tissue oxygen
caused by decreased blood flow
48. What is histotoxic hypoxia? - CORRECT ANSWER decreased tissue oxygen
caused by increased toxic substance
49. What is ischemia? - CORRECT ANSWER greatly reduced or interrupted flow
through the arterial system, producing significant tissue hypoxia
50. What is hypercapnia? - CORRECT ANSWER increased level of CO2 in the
blood
51. What are S&S of acute hypoxia? - CORRECT ANSWER dyspnea;
restlessness; palpitations; agitation; headache; tremors; diaphoresis; respiratory
distress; cyanosis; tachypnea; tachycardia; dysrhythmias; hypertension; lethargy;
confusion to coma
52. What are some effects of hypercapnia? - CORRECT ANSWER respiratory
acidosis (decreased pH from increase in CO2); lethargy and confusion;
increased HR and BP; flushed skin; arrhythmias; seizures; coma; death
53. What is dyspnea? - CORRECT ANSWER subjective feeling of being SOB
54. What does dyspnea lead to? - CORRECT ANSWER decreased sense of
wellness which may cause psychological and social consequences
55. What is the leading cause of cancer death? - CORRECT ANSWER lung cancer
56. What is lung cancer most likely caused by? - CORRECT ANSWER cigarette
smoking;
57. asbestos;
58. familial predisposition
, 59. What are the manifestations of lung cancer? - CORRECT ANSWER cough,
hemoptysis (blood in cough sputum);
60. hoarseness;
61. chest pain;
62. often disseminated (spread widely) at time of diagnosis
63. What are the types of bronchogenic carcinomas? - CORRECT ANSWER
squamous cell lung carcinoma (25-40%);
64. adenocarcinoma (20-40%);
65. small cell carcinoma (20-25%);
66. large cell carcinoma (10-15%)
67. What is acute airway obstruction caused by? - CORRECT ANSWER foreign
body aspiration;
68. laryngospasm (spontaneous spasm of the vocal cords);
69. trauma
70. What is complete acute airway obstruction? - CORRECT ANSWER inspiratory
chest movements but no air movement;
71. tachycardia, cyanosis, rapid progression to unconsciousness
72. What is partial acute airway obstruction? - CORRECT ANSWER stridor (harsh
vibrating noise), wheezing, dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, retractions (chest
moving inward)
73. What are some respiratory disorders in children? - CORRECT ANSWER upper
airway infections: viral croup, spasmodic croup, and epiglotitis;
74. lower airway infections: acute bronchiolitis
75. What is croup (laryngotracheobronchitis)? - CORRECT ANSWER inflammation
of the larynx with a sudden onset;
76. barking cough with stridor
77. What are the manifestations of viral croup? - CORRECT ANSWER febrile;
78. upper respiratory infection precedes
79. What are the manifestations of spasmodic croup? - CORRECT ANSWER
afebrile;
80. may be allergic
81. What is epiglotitis? - CORRECT ANSWER bacterial infection of supraglottic
structures;
82. high mortality without treatment
