©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
Nu 122 Exam Questions With Correct
Answers
Gastrointestinal System - answer✔The main functions of the gastrointestinal tract are to digest
and absorb ingested nutrients, and to excrete waste products of digestion.
Alimentary Canal" (GI System) - answer✔Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Rectum
Anus
Oral Cavity - answer✔Digestion begins here.
3 pairs of salivary glands.
Saliva is 99.4% water.
Contains digestive enzymes: Amylase breaks down starch into simple sugars. Lysozyme kills oral
bacteria.
Tongue.
Teeth.
Hard & soft palate
Large Intestine - answer✔4 regions: ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colon
1|Page
, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
Main job is reabsorption to make waste solid. Minimal nutrient reabsorption. Absorption of
water and electrolytes Produces vitamin K and some B vitamins Forms and stores fecal mass
Secretes mucus
Defecation—Valsalva maneuver
Anus: - answer✔Function: exit of feces.
Internal sphincter- involuntary muscle.
External sphincter- voluntary muscle.
Liver - answer✔Carbohydrate, lipid, amino acid metabolism,
Glycogen storage, Waste product removal,
Bile production- emulsifies fats,Vitamin A,B, K storage.
Breakdown of drugs/alcohol,Makes clotting factors.
Phagocytosis
Antigen presentation
Synthesis of plasma proteins
Removal of hormones
Removal of antibodies
Removal rbc's
Removal/storage of toxins
Bile - answer✔Bile needed for fat emulsification.
Consists mainly of bile salts, phospholipids, cholesterol, conjugated bilirubin, electrolytes, and
water.
Bilirubin is derived from breakdown of hemoglobin.
Bile travels through the liver in a series of ducts, eventually exiting through the common
hepatic duct.
Pancreas - answer✔Digestive and endocrine organ.
Produces digestive enzymes. Amylase, lipase, protease.
Connects via the pancreatic duct to duodenum.
2|Page
, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
Effects of Aging on GI Organs - answer✔Esophagus: ↓ strength of contractions.
Stomach: lining more susceptible to damage, ↓ elasticity and ↓ rate of emptying.
Small Intestine: ↓motility, bacterial overgrowth causes bloating, nutrient deficiencies, pain and
weight loss.
Pancreas: shrinks, becomes fibrotic, enzymes not affected.
Liver: ↓ size and blood flow, unable to metabolize drugs as well. Decreased production and
flow of bile.
Gallbladder: more likely to develop gallstones.
Large Intestine & Rectum: ↓ peristalsis, ↑ constipation, ↓ rectal tone.
Gerontologic Considerations:Effects of Aging on GI System - answer✔Dental caries, periodontal
disease,Decreased number of taste buds, Sense of smell lessens, Less saliva (Xerostomia)
Delayed emptying of the esophagus,Decreased HCl acid secretion, Constipation
Liver size decreased
Gallbladder disease
Risk for decreased food intake
Inability to obtain food
Assessment of GI System - answer✔Abdomen- PERFORM IN THIS ORDER. Inspection
Auscultation Percussion Palpation
nausea Clinical Manifestations - answer✔Anorexia.
Weight loss.
Prolonged: Fluid and electrolyte imbalances. Decreased plasma volume.
Emesis Characteristics: - answer✔Partially digested: delayed gastric emptying.
Fecal odor and bile—obstruction or fistula.
Bile—obstruction.
Bright red blood—active bleeding.
Coffee-ground—gastric bleeding.
Determine if vomiting, regurgitation, or projectile.
3|Page
, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
nause Nursing Implementation - answer✔Acute care:
NPO.
IV Fluids.
Nasogastric Tube (NGT).
Monitor I & O, VS, assess for dehydration.
Psychosocial and environmental comfort.
Aspiration precautions.
Nausea & Vomiting Nursing Management - answer✔Clear liquids
Eat light, bland foods (saltine crackers or plain toast).
Avoid fried, greasy, or sweet foods.
Eat slowly, smaller, more frequent meals.
Don't mix hot and cold foods.
Drink beverages slowly.
Avoid activity after eating.
Drink gradually larger amounts of clear liquid.
Avoid solid food until the vomiting episode has passed.
Temporarily hold oral meds, which can irritate the stomach & make vomiting worse.
Nausea Nursing Implementation - answer✔IV fluids until tolerate oral intake.
Anti-emetic medications.
Clear liquids; sips of water every 15 to 20 minutes. Ice chips.
Ginger ale remove carbonation.
Warm tea.
Dry toast, crackers, gelatin.
Progress to high carb, low fat; bland diet.
Avoid over-distention.
4|Page
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
Nu 122 Exam Questions With Correct
Answers
Gastrointestinal System - answer✔The main functions of the gastrointestinal tract are to digest
and absorb ingested nutrients, and to excrete waste products of digestion.
Alimentary Canal" (GI System) - answer✔Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Rectum
Anus
Oral Cavity - answer✔Digestion begins here.
3 pairs of salivary glands.
Saliva is 99.4% water.
Contains digestive enzymes: Amylase breaks down starch into simple sugars. Lysozyme kills oral
bacteria.
Tongue.
Teeth.
Hard & soft palate
Large Intestine - answer✔4 regions: ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colon
1|Page
, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
Main job is reabsorption to make waste solid. Minimal nutrient reabsorption. Absorption of
water and electrolytes Produces vitamin K and some B vitamins Forms and stores fecal mass
Secretes mucus
Defecation—Valsalva maneuver
Anus: - answer✔Function: exit of feces.
Internal sphincter- involuntary muscle.
External sphincter- voluntary muscle.
Liver - answer✔Carbohydrate, lipid, amino acid metabolism,
Glycogen storage, Waste product removal,
Bile production- emulsifies fats,Vitamin A,B, K storage.
Breakdown of drugs/alcohol,Makes clotting factors.
Phagocytosis
Antigen presentation
Synthesis of plasma proteins
Removal of hormones
Removal of antibodies
Removal rbc's
Removal/storage of toxins
Bile - answer✔Bile needed for fat emulsification.
Consists mainly of bile salts, phospholipids, cholesterol, conjugated bilirubin, electrolytes, and
water.
Bilirubin is derived from breakdown of hemoglobin.
Bile travels through the liver in a series of ducts, eventually exiting through the common
hepatic duct.
Pancreas - answer✔Digestive and endocrine organ.
Produces digestive enzymes. Amylase, lipase, protease.
Connects via the pancreatic duct to duodenum.
2|Page
, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
Effects of Aging on GI Organs - answer✔Esophagus: ↓ strength of contractions.
Stomach: lining more susceptible to damage, ↓ elasticity and ↓ rate of emptying.
Small Intestine: ↓motility, bacterial overgrowth causes bloating, nutrient deficiencies, pain and
weight loss.
Pancreas: shrinks, becomes fibrotic, enzymes not affected.
Liver: ↓ size and blood flow, unable to metabolize drugs as well. Decreased production and
flow of bile.
Gallbladder: more likely to develop gallstones.
Large Intestine & Rectum: ↓ peristalsis, ↑ constipation, ↓ rectal tone.
Gerontologic Considerations:Effects of Aging on GI System - answer✔Dental caries, periodontal
disease,Decreased number of taste buds, Sense of smell lessens, Less saliva (Xerostomia)
Delayed emptying of the esophagus,Decreased HCl acid secretion, Constipation
Liver size decreased
Gallbladder disease
Risk for decreased food intake
Inability to obtain food
Assessment of GI System - answer✔Abdomen- PERFORM IN THIS ORDER. Inspection
Auscultation Percussion Palpation
nausea Clinical Manifestations - answer✔Anorexia.
Weight loss.
Prolonged: Fluid and electrolyte imbalances. Decreased plasma volume.
Emesis Characteristics: - answer✔Partially digested: delayed gastric emptying.
Fecal odor and bile—obstruction or fistula.
Bile—obstruction.
Bright red blood—active bleeding.
Coffee-ground—gastric bleeding.
Determine if vomiting, regurgitation, or projectile.
3|Page
, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
nause Nursing Implementation - answer✔Acute care:
NPO.
IV Fluids.
Nasogastric Tube (NGT).
Monitor I & O, VS, assess for dehydration.
Psychosocial and environmental comfort.
Aspiration precautions.
Nausea & Vomiting Nursing Management - answer✔Clear liquids
Eat light, bland foods (saltine crackers or plain toast).
Avoid fried, greasy, or sweet foods.
Eat slowly, smaller, more frequent meals.
Don't mix hot and cold foods.
Drink beverages slowly.
Avoid activity after eating.
Drink gradually larger amounts of clear liquid.
Avoid solid food until the vomiting episode has passed.
Temporarily hold oral meds, which can irritate the stomach & make vomiting worse.
Nausea Nursing Implementation - answer✔IV fluids until tolerate oral intake.
Anti-emetic medications.
Clear liquids; sips of water every 15 to 20 minutes. Ice chips.
Ginger ale remove carbonation.
Warm tea.
Dry toast, crackers, gelatin.
Progress to high carb, low fat; bland diet.
Avoid over-distention.
4|Page
