WGU Clinical Microbiology C453 Test with
Verified Answers
Attenuated Vaccine - ✅✅ made from live viruses that can still replicate in a host
cell
Toxoid vaccine - ✅✅ Inactivated toxin stimulates antibody production
(ex. Tetanus)
Dead vaccine - ✅✅ Uses pieces of dead organism; ex. Measles; need booster
shots. Contains proteins of the organism.
Rheumatoid Arthritis - ✅✅ A disease characterized by the debilitating
destruction of the joints due to inflammation, often causing deformation of the
fingers.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - ✅✅ Chronic autoimmune inflammatory
disease of collagen in skin, joints, and internal organs.
Butterfly rash on sun-exposed areas.
Primary immunodeficiency - ✅✅ resulting from a genetic defect
Ex.) Defect of lymphocyte maturation/activation/function
Secondary Immunodeficiency - ✅✅ "acquired" resulting from an environmental
cause
Ex. Viral infection, cancer, etc.
Agammaglobulinemia - ✅✅ Patient lacks antibodies- this is a B cell defect
Digeorge Syndrome - ✅✅ -Congenital absence of the thymus gland
-T cell deficient, vulnerable to viral fungal and bacterial infections
-Micro deletion of chromosome 22, multiple systematic problems
AIDS - ✅✅ a deadly disease that interferes with the body's natural ability to
fight infection
Penicillins- Mode of action - ✅✅ Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
, Bacteria - ✅✅ Single-celled organism that do not have a cell nucleus and the
membrane-enclosed intracellular structures found in most other cells (Prokaryotic
cell).
Gram-positive Bacteria - ✅✅ Thick layer of peptidoglycan (20-80nm across).
The peptidoglycan layer is closely attached to the outer surface of the cell
membrane. Retains crystal violet stains. Lack an outer membrane and a
periplasmic space.
Gram-negative Bacteria - ✅✅ Cell wall is thinner, but more complex. Only 10-
20% peptidoglycan. Contains an outer membrane, leaving a very narrow
periplasmic space. Does not retain crystal violet stain because of large quantities of
lipoproteins and lipopolysaccharides (endotoxin).
Acid-fast Bacteria - ✅✅ Cell wall is thick, but consists of 60% lipids. Lipids
make acid-fast organisms impermeable to most other stains and protect them from
acids and alkalis. Stain as gram-positive. Grow slowly because the lipids impeded
entry of nutrients.
Endotoxin - ✅✅ Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Part of the outer membrane of the
cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. It can cause fever and dilates blood vessels-
causing BP to drop. Bacteria typically release this when they are dying, so killing
them increases the concentration of this toxic substance. Antibiotics given late in
the infection can cause worsening of symptoms or even death.
Wall-deficient Bacteria - ✅✅ Protected by a strengthened cell membrane that
contains sterols. Example: mycobacterium paratuberculosis with Crohn's disease- a
chronic disorder of the intestine.
Coccus - ✅✅ Sphere shaped bacteria
Coccobacillus - ✅✅ Short rod shaped bacteria (between cocci and bacilli)
Vibrio - ✅✅ Comma shaped bacteria
Bacillus - ✅✅ Rod shaped bacteria
Spirillum - ✅✅ Rigid, wavy shaped bacteria
Spirochete - ✅✅ Corkscrew shape bacteria
Verified Answers
Attenuated Vaccine - ✅✅ made from live viruses that can still replicate in a host
cell
Toxoid vaccine - ✅✅ Inactivated toxin stimulates antibody production
(ex. Tetanus)
Dead vaccine - ✅✅ Uses pieces of dead organism; ex. Measles; need booster
shots. Contains proteins of the organism.
Rheumatoid Arthritis - ✅✅ A disease characterized by the debilitating
destruction of the joints due to inflammation, often causing deformation of the
fingers.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - ✅✅ Chronic autoimmune inflammatory
disease of collagen in skin, joints, and internal organs.
Butterfly rash on sun-exposed areas.
Primary immunodeficiency - ✅✅ resulting from a genetic defect
Ex.) Defect of lymphocyte maturation/activation/function
Secondary Immunodeficiency - ✅✅ "acquired" resulting from an environmental
cause
Ex. Viral infection, cancer, etc.
Agammaglobulinemia - ✅✅ Patient lacks antibodies- this is a B cell defect
Digeorge Syndrome - ✅✅ -Congenital absence of the thymus gland
-T cell deficient, vulnerable to viral fungal and bacterial infections
-Micro deletion of chromosome 22, multiple systematic problems
AIDS - ✅✅ a deadly disease that interferes with the body's natural ability to
fight infection
Penicillins- Mode of action - ✅✅ Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
, Bacteria - ✅✅ Single-celled organism that do not have a cell nucleus and the
membrane-enclosed intracellular structures found in most other cells (Prokaryotic
cell).
Gram-positive Bacteria - ✅✅ Thick layer of peptidoglycan (20-80nm across).
The peptidoglycan layer is closely attached to the outer surface of the cell
membrane. Retains crystal violet stains. Lack an outer membrane and a
periplasmic space.
Gram-negative Bacteria - ✅✅ Cell wall is thinner, but more complex. Only 10-
20% peptidoglycan. Contains an outer membrane, leaving a very narrow
periplasmic space. Does not retain crystal violet stain because of large quantities of
lipoproteins and lipopolysaccharides (endotoxin).
Acid-fast Bacteria - ✅✅ Cell wall is thick, but consists of 60% lipids. Lipids
make acid-fast organisms impermeable to most other stains and protect them from
acids and alkalis. Stain as gram-positive. Grow slowly because the lipids impeded
entry of nutrients.
Endotoxin - ✅✅ Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Part of the outer membrane of the
cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. It can cause fever and dilates blood vessels-
causing BP to drop. Bacteria typically release this when they are dying, so killing
them increases the concentration of this toxic substance. Antibiotics given late in
the infection can cause worsening of symptoms or even death.
Wall-deficient Bacteria - ✅✅ Protected by a strengthened cell membrane that
contains sterols. Example: mycobacterium paratuberculosis with Crohn's disease- a
chronic disorder of the intestine.
Coccus - ✅✅ Sphere shaped bacteria
Coccobacillus - ✅✅ Short rod shaped bacteria (between cocci and bacilli)
Vibrio - ✅✅ Comma shaped bacteria
Bacillus - ✅✅ Rod shaped bacteria
Spirillum - ✅✅ Rigid, wavy shaped bacteria
Spirochete - ✅✅ Corkscrew shape bacteria
