Compare body water to total weight in infants and adults. - ANSWER Total
body water is approximately 80% of total body weight at birth and decreases
progressively with age to about 60-65 % of total body weight in adults.
Identify patients more susceptible to fluid imbalance. - ANSWER patients
with RENAL DISEASE, because these patients ' kidneys fail to maintain fluid,
electrolyte, and acid-base balance. Decreased blood flow to the kidneys due to
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE stimulates RAAS causing water retention.
DM, CANCER, and COPD may affect acid-base imbalance.
Discuss the two basic fluid compartments - ANSWER INTRACELLULAR
FLUID: water found within the body's cells (2/3 total body fluid)
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID: plasma (within the vasculature) and interstitial
fluid (where oedema occurs, found in the area surrounding the cells).
Define electrolytes. - ANSWER charged particles capable of conducting
electricity. Electrolytes affect the amount of water in your body, the acidity of
your blood (pH), your muscle function, and other important processes. You lose
electrolytes when you sweat. You must replace them by drinking fluids.
Describe cations. - ANSWER the number of ions carrying a positive charge.
NA+, K, CA+, and MG+.
Describe anions. - ANSWER the number of ions carrying a negative charge.
CL-, bicarbonate, phosphate, and sulfate.
, 3. Identify the major electrolytes in ICF and ECF.
a. Potassium
b. Sodium - ANSWER POTASSIUM: regulates-renal excretion, aldosterone
increases K excretion, mvmt into and out of cells, insulin helps move K into
cells; tissue damage and acidosis shift K out of cells into ECF SODIUM:
regulates-renal absorption or excretion, aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption
in collecting duct of nephrons
Discuss the four major mechanisms of fluid and electrolyte movement. -
ANSWER DIFFUSION: when two solutes of different concentrations,
separated by semipermeable membrane. molecules move from higher to lower
concentrations. OSMOSIS: the movement of water across cell membranes from
less con. sol. to more con. sol. capillary membrane FILTRATION: fluids and
solutes move together across a membrane from high pressure to low pressure
areas. ACTIVE TRANSPORT: moves and holds sodium and potassium against
their diffusion gradients.
Compare hydrostatic and osmotic pressure. - ANSWER HYDROSTATIC
PRESSURE: the pressure exerted by a fluid within a closed system on the walls
of the container in which it is contained.
OSMOTIC PRESSURE: the power of a solution to pull water across a
semipermeable membrane. The solution with a higher concentration exerts a
higher osmotic pressure.
Define osmolality. - ANSWER the concentration of solutes in the body fluids.
Determined by the total solute concentration within a fluid compartment and is
measured as parts of solute/kg of water.
2. Compare the following
body water is approximately 80% of total body weight at birth and decreases
progressively with age to about 60-65 % of total body weight in adults.
Identify patients more susceptible to fluid imbalance. - ANSWER patients
with RENAL DISEASE, because these patients ' kidneys fail to maintain fluid,
electrolyte, and acid-base balance. Decreased blood flow to the kidneys due to
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE stimulates RAAS causing water retention.
DM, CANCER, and COPD may affect acid-base imbalance.
Discuss the two basic fluid compartments - ANSWER INTRACELLULAR
FLUID: water found within the body's cells (2/3 total body fluid)
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID: plasma (within the vasculature) and interstitial
fluid (where oedema occurs, found in the area surrounding the cells).
Define electrolytes. - ANSWER charged particles capable of conducting
electricity. Electrolytes affect the amount of water in your body, the acidity of
your blood (pH), your muscle function, and other important processes. You lose
electrolytes when you sweat. You must replace them by drinking fluids.
Describe cations. - ANSWER the number of ions carrying a positive charge.
NA+, K, CA+, and MG+.
Describe anions. - ANSWER the number of ions carrying a negative charge.
CL-, bicarbonate, phosphate, and sulfate.
, 3. Identify the major electrolytes in ICF and ECF.
a. Potassium
b. Sodium - ANSWER POTASSIUM: regulates-renal excretion, aldosterone
increases K excretion, mvmt into and out of cells, insulin helps move K into
cells; tissue damage and acidosis shift K out of cells into ECF SODIUM:
regulates-renal absorption or excretion, aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption
in collecting duct of nephrons
Discuss the four major mechanisms of fluid and electrolyte movement. -
ANSWER DIFFUSION: when two solutes of different concentrations,
separated by semipermeable membrane. molecules move from higher to lower
concentrations. OSMOSIS: the movement of water across cell membranes from
less con. sol. to more con. sol. capillary membrane FILTRATION: fluids and
solutes move together across a membrane from high pressure to low pressure
areas. ACTIVE TRANSPORT: moves and holds sodium and potassium against
their diffusion gradients.
Compare hydrostatic and osmotic pressure. - ANSWER HYDROSTATIC
PRESSURE: the pressure exerted by a fluid within a closed system on the walls
of the container in which it is contained.
OSMOTIC PRESSURE: the power of a solution to pull water across a
semipermeable membrane. The solution with a higher concentration exerts a
higher osmotic pressure.
Define osmolality. - ANSWER the concentration of solutes in the body fluids.
Determined by the total solute concentration within a fluid compartment and is
measured as parts of solute/kg of water.
2. Compare the following
