normal pH
7.35-7.45
normal CO2
35-45
normal HCO3
22-26
defense mechanisms of the respiratory system
filtration; mucociliary clearance system; cough reflex; reflex
bronchoconstriction; alveolar macrophages
alveolar compliance
elasticity and expandability; how well the lungs move
conditions that increase alveolar compliance
emphysema
conditions that decrease alveolar compliance
obesity; pneumothorax; hemothorax; pleural effusion; pulmonary edema;
atelectasis; pulmonary fibrosis; ARDS
oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve
relationship between oxygen saturation (pulse ox) and arterial oxygen
pulse ox of 90%
arterial oxygen of 60 mmHg
pulmonary diffusion
gas exchange
pulmonary perfusion
,blood flow
bronchoscopy
flexible or rigid; NPO preparation and until gag reflex is gone
mediastinoscopy
OR procedure; evaluates lymph nodes and/or tumors
pulse oximetry
measures saturation of oxygen in the blood
indications for pulse oximetry
S&S of increased WOB; confusion; wheezing; rales
pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
measure lung volume, air flow, and diffusion capacity
upper respiratory disorders
allergic rhinitis; viral rhinitis; rhinosinusitis; pharyngitis; peritonsillar abscess;
obstructive sleep apnea;
allergic rhinitis
allergies and inflammation; intermittent or persistent
viral rhinitis
common cold
rhinosinusitis
sinus infection; influenza; acute, chronic, and/or recurrent
flu vaccine - who should get it?
6+ months old
flu vaccine - who should not get it?
< 6 months old; severe allergies to vaccine or ingredients; rule out or history of
guillain-barre
pharyngitis
, sore throat
peritonsillar abcess
risk of airway obstruction; have trach insertion kit at bedside
obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
obstruction and reduced ventilation causing hypoxemia during apneic periods
that occur intermittently throughout the night
what does OSA affect?
sleep cycle - memory, learning, decision making
causes of OSA
obesity or central (neurological)
risk factors of OSA
obesity; male gender; post-menopausal; advanced age
manifestations of OSA
snoring; sleepiness; significant other reports
consequences of OSA
hypertension; stroke; pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale; arrhythmias
treatment of OSA
CPAP/BiPAP; surgery; weight loss (obesity related)
smoking - more likely to develop
heart disease; stroke; lung cancer
smoking - quitting
know reasons for quitting; understand expectations; get help; talk to healthcare
provider
atelectasis
collapse of the alveoli
cause of atelectasis
7.35-7.45
normal CO2
35-45
normal HCO3
22-26
defense mechanisms of the respiratory system
filtration; mucociliary clearance system; cough reflex; reflex
bronchoconstriction; alveolar macrophages
alveolar compliance
elasticity and expandability; how well the lungs move
conditions that increase alveolar compliance
emphysema
conditions that decrease alveolar compliance
obesity; pneumothorax; hemothorax; pleural effusion; pulmonary edema;
atelectasis; pulmonary fibrosis; ARDS
oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve
relationship between oxygen saturation (pulse ox) and arterial oxygen
pulse ox of 90%
arterial oxygen of 60 mmHg
pulmonary diffusion
gas exchange
pulmonary perfusion
,blood flow
bronchoscopy
flexible or rigid; NPO preparation and until gag reflex is gone
mediastinoscopy
OR procedure; evaluates lymph nodes and/or tumors
pulse oximetry
measures saturation of oxygen in the blood
indications for pulse oximetry
S&S of increased WOB; confusion; wheezing; rales
pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
measure lung volume, air flow, and diffusion capacity
upper respiratory disorders
allergic rhinitis; viral rhinitis; rhinosinusitis; pharyngitis; peritonsillar abscess;
obstructive sleep apnea;
allergic rhinitis
allergies and inflammation; intermittent or persistent
viral rhinitis
common cold
rhinosinusitis
sinus infection; influenza; acute, chronic, and/or recurrent
flu vaccine - who should get it?
6+ months old
flu vaccine - who should not get it?
< 6 months old; severe allergies to vaccine or ingredients; rule out or history of
guillain-barre
pharyngitis
, sore throat
peritonsillar abcess
risk of airway obstruction; have trach insertion kit at bedside
obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
obstruction and reduced ventilation causing hypoxemia during apneic periods
that occur intermittently throughout the night
what does OSA affect?
sleep cycle - memory, learning, decision making
causes of OSA
obesity or central (neurological)
risk factors of OSA
obesity; male gender; post-menopausal; advanced age
manifestations of OSA
snoring; sleepiness; significant other reports
consequences of OSA
hypertension; stroke; pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale; arrhythmias
treatment of OSA
CPAP/BiPAP; surgery; weight loss (obesity related)
smoking - more likely to develop
heart disease; stroke; lung cancer
smoking - quitting
know reasons for quitting; understand expectations; get help; talk to healthcare
provider
atelectasis
collapse of the alveoli
cause of atelectasis
