Purpose of the epiglottis?
Prevents foreign objects from entering the lungs
Chemoreceptors located in? Respond to?
- Located in the medulla, bifurcation of the carotid arteries, aortic arch
- Respond to --> change in pH
- Sends a message to lungs (in healthy lungs, the response is quick)
Mechanical receptors are located where? Purpose?
- Located --> lungs, upper airways, diaphragm and chest wall
- Stimulated by irritants, stretching
- keep lungs from over-inflating, in part
What is the mucociliary clearance system?
Finger-like projections in airways that sweep up debris
Reflex bronchoconstriction?
bronchus reflexively narrows in response to dust and harmful gases
emphysema?
a condition in which the air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged, causing
breathlessness.
- Overdistended alveoli (walls destroyed) with loss of elasticity and trapped
CO2 (hyper inflated chest)
- results in reduced alveolar/capillary interface
- Pulmonary vasocontriction (pulmonary hypertension, for pulmonae)
Alveolar macrophages?
blood cells that phagocytose small particles in alveoli
,Alveolar compliance? Increased when? Decreased?
How well the lungs "move", elasticity and expendability
Inc when lungs lose elastic recoil and become over distended (emphysema)
Decreased with stiff lungs and thorax (Ex: obesity, pneumothorax, pleural
effusion, ARDS, atelectasis)
What is partial pressure of gases in the lung?
- we breathe in and out a mix of gases
- the amount of pressure each gas exerts is its "part" in the total gas mix, or its
partial pressure
- pO2 = the partial pressure of O2
- PCO2 = the partial pressure of carbon dioxide
Pulmonary diffusion?
O2 and CO2 diffuse across the alveolar capillary membrane with ease due to
concentration differences in the gases
Pulmonary perfusion?
- Blood flow to the lungs
- From right ventricle to pulmonary artery and then throughout the blood vessels
What does pulse oximetry measure?
Measures saturation of O2 in blood
Pulmonary function tests (PFTs)?
- Measure lung volume
- measure air flow
- Diffusion capacity (how effectively gas travels from the lungs to the blood)
Mediastinoscopy evaluates?
Evaluates lymph nodes and/or tumors
Smokers are more likely than nonsmokers to develop?
Heart disease, stroke, and lung cancer
, What is allergic rhinitis?
Allergies
- intermittent (seasonal)
- Persistent (throughout the year)
Viral rhinitis?
Common cold
Rhinosinusitis?
- inflammation of the nares and paranasal sinuses
- Can be acute, chronic, recurrent
- includes influenza (viral infection)
Pharyngitis?
inflammation of the pharynx (AKA sore throat)
Key principle in any pt experiencing respiratory distress?
Sit them up and put on O2
Who should get the flu vaccines?
- 6 months or older
- ok for pregnant and immunosuppressed individuals or other individuals with
chronic health conditions
Who should not get the flu shot?
• Children younger than six months
• People with severe allergies to flu vaccine or ingredients in flu vaccine
• People with a history of Guillain-Barre (progressive paralysis that occurs as a
result of a virus. Can affect there respiratory muscles, may end up on ventilator)
• If you don't feel well, physician should decide if you should get the vaccine
• Egg allergies: can receive the vaccine. If severe egg allergy, give in medical
setting and monitor
What is obstructive sleep apnea? Affects?
- Upper airway obstruction and reduced ventilation. Hypoxic during apneic
periods, which occur intermittently throughout the night
Prevents foreign objects from entering the lungs
Chemoreceptors located in? Respond to?
- Located in the medulla, bifurcation of the carotid arteries, aortic arch
- Respond to --> change in pH
- Sends a message to lungs (in healthy lungs, the response is quick)
Mechanical receptors are located where? Purpose?
- Located --> lungs, upper airways, diaphragm and chest wall
- Stimulated by irritants, stretching
- keep lungs from over-inflating, in part
What is the mucociliary clearance system?
Finger-like projections in airways that sweep up debris
Reflex bronchoconstriction?
bronchus reflexively narrows in response to dust and harmful gases
emphysema?
a condition in which the air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged, causing
breathlessness.
- Overdistended alveoli (walls destroyed) with loss of elasticity and trapped
CO2 (hyper inflated chest)
- results in reduced alveolar/capillary interface
- Pulmonary vasocontriction (pulmonary hypertension, for pulmonae)
Alveolar macrophages?
blood cells that phagocytose small particles in alveoli
,Alveolar compliance? Increased when? Decreased?
How well the lungs "move", elasticity and expendability
Inc when lungs lose elastic recoil and become over distended (emphysema)
Decreased with stiff lungs and thorax (Ex: obesity, pneumothorax, pleural
effusion, ARDS, atelectasis)
What is partial pressure of gases in the lung?
- we breathe in and out a mix of gases
- the amount of pressure each gas exerts is its "part" in the total gas mix, or its
partial pressure
- pO2 = the partial pressure of O2
- PCO2 = the partial pressure of carbon dioxide
Pulmonary diffusion?
O2 and CO2 diffuse across the alveolar capillary membrane with ease due to
concentration differences in the gases
Pulmonary perfusion?
- Blood flow to the lungs
- From right ventricle to pulmonary artery and then throughout the blood vessels
What does pulse oximetry measure?
Measures saturation of O2 in blood
Pulmonary function tests (PFTs)?
- Measure lung volume
- measure air flow
- Diffusion capacity (how effectively gas travels from the lungs to the blood)
Mediastinoscopy evaluates?
Evaluates lymph nodes and/or tumors
Smokers are more likely than nonsmokers to develop?
Heart disease, stroke, and lung cancer
, What is allergic rhinitis?
Allergies
- intermittent (seasonal)
- Persistent (throughout the year)
Viral rhinitis?
Common cold
Rhinosinusitis?
- inflammation of the nares and paranasal sinuses
- Can be acute, chronic, recurrent
- includes influenza (viral infection)
Pharyngitis?
inflammation of the pharynx (AKA sore throat)
Key principle in any pt experiencing respiratory distress?
Sit them up and put on O2
Who should get the flu vaccines?
- 6 months or older
- ok for pregnant and immunosuppressed individuals or other individuals with
chronic health conditions
Who should not get the flu shot?
• Children younger than six months
• People with severe allergies to flu vaccine or ingredients in flu vaccine
• People with a history of Guillain-Barre (progressive paralysis that occurs as a
result of a virus. Can affect there respiratory muscles, may end up on ventilator)
• If you don't feel well, physician should decide if you should get the vaccine
• Egg allergies: can receive the vaccine. If severe egg allergy, give in medical
setting and monitor
What is obstructive sleep apnea? Affects?
- Upper airway obstruction and reduced ventilation. Hypoxic during apneic
periods, which occur intermittently throughout the night
