NOVEMBER 2024 PNLE REVIEW
MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA RBC: Erythrocytes
(Maturation Failure Anemia) • Normal: 4-6 million
1. PERNICIOUS ANEMIA (Vitamin B12 deficiency) • Stimulants: Hypoxia (low oxygen)
• Erythropoiesis: production of RBC
• “Dangerous”
• Flow: Hypoxia — Kidney — Erythropoietin —Bone Marrow (stem
• Can cause PARALYSIS cell) — Reticulocytes (immature RBC: poorly functioning but
• Cause: large) — Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid — Erythrocytes (mature
o Low Vitamin B12 — from Animal Meat (patients: RBC: well-functioning and small) — Lifespan: 120 days
Vegetarians)
o Gastric Surgery — stomach (intrinsic factor 2. FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY ANEMIA (Folic Acid deficiency)
decreased) — cannot absorb Vitamin B12 • Source: green leafy vegetables
o Ileostomy • Cause:
▪ B12 + Intrinsic Factor + Ileum = absorption o Diet: low green leafy vegetables
▪ Any alteration from the three can cause Pernicious o Alcoholism
Anemia o Malnutrition
• Signs and Symptoms • Signs and Symptoms
o Pallor o Splenomegaly
o Extreme fatigue o General Symptoms
o ★Red, Beefy Tongue/ Magenta Tongue ▪ Pallor
o Paralysis (permanent >6mos.) ▪ Fatigue
o Splenomegaly ▪ Anorexia
• Diagnostic Exams ▪ Weight loss
o CBC: Low HgB and HcT • Management:
o Schilling’s Test o Diet: green leafy vegetables
▪ Specimen: urine 24-Hour o Supplement: FA
▪ Radioactive B12 given should be excreted o Parenteral: FA (IM)
• Management:
RBC — Erythrocytes — Anemia
o B12: Parenteral for LIFE (NO ORAL B12) (IM) WBC — leukocytes — Leukopenia
▪ Same day each month Platelets — Thrombocytes — Thrombocytopenia
Low All: Pancytopenia
High all: Polycythemia
Lecturer: Dean Jhodel Cabalunan, RN
Transcribed by: Vasquez, K.J.
, NOVEMBER 2024 PNLE REVIEW
IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA (IDA) APLASTIC ANEMIA
(Hypochromic Microcytic Anemia) (Fatty Marrow Anemia)
• Cause: • Cause
o Surgery (major) o Unknown
o Menstruation o Exposure to pesticides
o TraumA ▪ Destroy Red Marrow = pancytopenia
• Signs and Symptoms ▪ Increases Yellow marrow
o Pallor • Signs and Symptoms
o Fatigue o RBC:
o Anorexia ▪ Pallor
o Weight Loss ▪ Fatigue
• Diagnostic Exams ▪ Anorexia
o Peripheral Blood Smear ▪ Weight loss
▪ Definitive Exam o WBC:
▪ Color ▪ Fever
• N: Normochromic ▪ Sore throat
• Result: Hypochromic o Platelet:
▪ Size ▪ Bruises
• N: Normocytic • Management:
• Result: Microcytic o Blood transfusion: Whole Blood
• Management: o Bone marrow transplant
o Diet: increase Fe rich foods o Isolate patient (infection risk)
▪ Red meat, bitter gourd, liver, chocolate meat o Non-contact sports
o Supplement: Ferrous Sulfate
WBC: Leukocytes — 10,000-15,000
▪ Expected stool: color black (expected) Function: soldiers of the body
▪ Empty stomach for better absorption Types:
▪ Absorption: with Vitamin C or Cobalt 1. Granulocytes – granules
▪ Liquid: with straw (prevent teeth staining) B – Basophils: Inflammation
o Parenteral (IM) E – Eosinophils: Allergic Reaction
N – Neutrophils: Numerous Phagocytosis (cell-eating)
▪ Complication: Skin Staining 2. Agranulocytes – no granules
• Method: Z-track Monocytes
Lecturer: Dean Jhodel Cabalunan, RN
Transcribed by: Vasquez, K.J.
MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA RBC: Erythrocytes
(Maturation Failure Anemia) • Normal: 4-6 million
1. PERNICIOUS ANEMIA (Vitamin B12 deficiency) • Stimulants: Hypoxia (low oxygen)
• Erythropoiesis: production of RBC
• “Dangerous”
• Flow: Hypoxia — Kidney — Erythropoietin —Bone Marrow (stem
• Can cause PARALYSIS cell) — Reticulocytes (immature RBC: poorly functioning but
• Cause: large) — Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid — Erythrocytes (mature
o Low Vitamin B12 — from Animal Meat (patients: RBC: well-functioning and small) — Lifespan: 120 days
Vegetarians)
o Gastric Surgery — stomach (intrinsic factor 2. FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY ANEMIA (Folic Acid deficiency)
decreased) — cannot absorb Vitamin B12 • Source: green leafy vegetables
o Ileostomy • Cause:
▪ B12 + Intrinsic Factor + Ileum = absorption o Diet: low green leafy vegetables
▪ Any alteration from the three can cause Pernicious o Alcoholism
Anemia o Malnutrition
• Signs and Symptoms • Signs and Symptoms
o Pallor o Splenomegaly
o Extreme fatigue o General Symptoms
o ★Red, Beefy Tongue/ Magenta Tongue ▪ Pallor
o Paralysis (permanent >6mos.) ▪ Fatigue
o Splenomegaly ▪ Anorexia
• Diagnostic Exams ▪ Weight loss
o CBC: Low HgB and HcT • Management:
o Schilling’s Test o Diet: green leafy vegetables
▪ Specimen: urine 24-Hour o Supplement: FA
▪ Radioactive B12 given should be excreted o Parenteral: FA (IM)
• Management:
RBC — Erythrocytes — Anemia
o B12: Parenteral for LIFE (NO ORAL B12) (IM) WBC — leukocytes — Leukopenia
▪ Same day each month Platelets — Thrombocytes — Thrombocytopenia
Low All: Pancytopenia
High all: Polycythemia
Lecturer: Dean Jhodel Cabalunan, RN
Transcribed by: Vasquez, K.J.
, NOVEMBER 2024 PNLE REVIEW
IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA (IDA) APLASTIC ANEMIA
(Hypochromic Microcytic Anemia) (Fatty Marrow Anemia)
• Cause: • Cause
o Surgery (major) o Unknown
o Menstruation o Exposure to pesticides
o TraumA ▪ Destroy Red Marrow = pancytopenia
• Signs and Symptoms ▪ Increases Yellow marrow
o Pallor • Signs and Symptoms
o Fatigue o RBC:
o Anorexia ▪ Pallor
o Weight Loss ▪ Fatigue
• Diagnostic Exams ▪ Anorexia
o Peripheral Blood Smear ▪ Weight loss
▪ Definitive Exam o WBC:
▪ Color ▪ Fever
• N: Normochromic ▪ Sore throat
• Result: Hypochromic o Platelet:
▪ Size ▪ Bruises
• N: Normocytic • Management:
• Result: Microcytic o Blood transfusion: Whole Blood
• Management: o Bone marrow transplant
o Diet: increase Fe rich foods o Isolate patient (infection risk)
▪ Red meat, bitter gourd, liver, chocolate meat o Non-contact sports
o Supplement: Ferrous Sulfate
WBC: Leukocytes — 10,000-15,000
▪ Expected stool: color black (expected) Function: soldiers of the body
▪ Empty stomach for better absorption Types:
▪ Absorption: with Vitamin C or Cobalt 1. Granulocytes – granules
▪ Liquid: with straw (prevent teeth staining) B – Basophils: Inflammation
o Parenteral (IM) E – Eosinophils: Allergic Reaction
N – Neutrophils: Numerous Phagocytosis (cell-eating)
▪ Complication: Skin Staining 2. Agranulocytes – no granules
• Method: Z-track Monocytes
Lecturer: Dean Jhodel Cabalunan, RN
Transcribed by: Vasquez, K.J.
