Maryville NURS 611 Patho Exam 1/ NUR 611
Exam 2 & Nurs 611 Final Exam/ 3 in 1
Combined/ Q&A.
Apoptosis - Answer: A programmed cell death that is regulated or programmed.
Cellular self-destruction for elimination or unwanted cell populations
Necrosis - Answer: Rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle
swelling, mitochondria dysfunction
What is the #1 cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis (especially the kidney
and heart) - Answer: hypoxia
What is the #1 cause of hypoxia? - Answer: ischemia
Page 1 of 64
,Main component of a cell - Answer: nucleus
What does the nucleus contain? - Answer: nucleolus
What is the nucleolus composed of? - Answer: RNA, most of cellular DNA, DNA
binding proteins, and histones
Why are histone important? - Answer: histones bind to DNA and fold it into
chromosomes (chromatin) which is essential for cell division
What are ribosomes? - Answer: RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are
synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the
nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes (NPCs)
Where can ribosomes be found? - Answer: cytoplasm and rough ER
what are ribosomes chief function? - Answer: provides sits for cellular protein
synthesis
What is the Golgi apparatus (complex)? - Answer: a network of flatten, smooth
membranes and vesicles frequently located near the nucleus of the cell
What does the Golgi apparatus do? - Answer: takes proteins from the ER and
processes/packages them into small membrane-bound vesicles called "secretory
vesicles, and refines and directs traffic in the cell
Page 2 of 64
,What are lysosomes and what do they do? - Answer: maintain cellular health by
removal of toxic cellular components, removal of useless organelles, termination
of signal transduction, and signals cellular adaption
How does aging affect lysosomes? - Answer: leads to progressive loss of lysosomal
efficiency which declines the regenerative capacity of organs and tissue
What functions do lysosomal components integrate? - Answer: nutrient
abundance, energy levels, and cell stressors and will translate them into
instructions that regulate cellular metabolism toward either proliferation or
inactivity
What is mitochondria responsible for? - Answer: cellular respiration, cellular
metabolism , and energy production
What does the inner membrane of mitochondria contain? - Answer: enzymes of
the respiratory chain and are essential to the process of oxidative phosphorylation
that generates most of the cell's ATP
The mitochondrial matrix contains what kind of pathways (1), involve what two
things (2), and metabolizes what three things (3)? - Answer: 1- metabolic
2- urea and heme synthesis
3- carbs, proteins, and lipids
Page 3 of 64
, What can accumulate intracellularly caused by stresses form metabolic
dearangements? - Answer: carbs, proteins, and lipids
What is physiologic atrophy? - Answer: occurs in early development. ex: thymus
glad during childhood
What is pathologic atrophy? - Answer: occurs as a result of decreases in workload,
use, pressure, blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal stimulation.
Ex: Shrinking of gonads in an adolescent pt in response to decreased hormonal
stimulation. and an pt immobilized in bed for a prolonged time
what is hypertrophy? - Answer: increase in cell size
Example of beneficial physiologic hypertrophy? - Answer: hypertrophy of
myocardial cells from endurance training
example of pathologic hypertrophy - Answer: cardiomegaly in a hypertensive
patient
What is hyperplasia? - Answer: increase in the number of cells
example of compensatory hyperplasia? - Answer: regeneration of the liver
example of pathological hyperplasia - Answer: endometrial tissue
Page 4 of 64
Exam 2 & Nurs 611 Final Exam/ 3 in 1
Combined/ Q&A.
Apoptosis - Answer: A programmed cell death that is regulated or programmed.
Cellular self-destruction for elimination or unwanted cell populations
Necrosis - Answer: Rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle
swelling, mitochondria dysfunction
What is the #1 cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis (especially the kidney
and heart) - Answer: hypoxia
What is the #1 cause of hypoxia? - Answer: ischemia
Page 1 of 64
,Main component of a cell - Answer: nucleus
What does the nucleus contain? - Answer: nucleolus
What is the nucleolus composed of? - Answer: RNA, most of cellular DNA, DNA
binding proteins, and histones
Why are histone important? - Answer: histones bind to DNA and fold it into
chromosomes (chromatin) which is essential for cell division
What are ribosomes? - Answer: RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are
synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the
nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes (NPCs)
Where can ribosomes be found? - Answer: cytoplasm and rough ER
what are ribosomes chief function? - Answer: provides sits for cellular protein
synthesis
What is the Golgi apparatus (complex)? - Answer: a network of flatten, smooth
membranes and vesicles frequently located near the nucleus of the cell
What does the Golgi apparatus do? - Answer: takes proteins from the ER and
processes/packages them into small membrane-bound vesicles called "secretory
vesicles, and refines and directs traffic in the cell
Page 2 of 64
,What are lysosomes and what do they do? - Answer: maintain cellular health by
removal of toxic cellular components, removal of useless organelles, termination
of signal transduction, and signals cellular adaption
How does aging affect lysosomes? - Answer: leads to progressive loss of lysosomal
efficiency which declines the regenerative capacity of organs and tissue
What functions do lysosomal components integrate? - Answer: nutrient
abundance, energy levels, and cell stressors and will translate them into
instructions that regulate cellular metabolism toward either proliferation or
inactivity
What is mitochondria responsible for? - Answer: cellular respiration, cellular
metabolism , and energy production
What does the inner membrane of mitochondria contain? - Answer: enzymes of
the respiratory chain and are essential to the process of oxidative phosphorylation
that generates most of the cell's ATP
The mitochondrial matrix contains what kind of pathways (1), involve what two
things (2), and metabolizes what three things (3)? - Answer: 1- metabolic
2- urea and heme synthesis
3- carbs, proteins, and lipids
Page 3 of 64
, What can accumulate intracellularly caused by stresses form metabolic
dearangements? - Answer: carbs, proteins, and lipids
What is physiologic atrophy? - Answer: occurs in early development. ex: thymus
glad during childhood
What is pathologic atrophy? - Answer: occurs as a result of decreases in workload,
use, pressure, blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal stimulation.
Ex: Shrinking of gonads in an adolescent pt in response to decreased hormonal
stimulation. and an pt immobilized in bed for a prolonged time
what is hypertrophy? - Answer: increase in cell size
Example of beneficial physiologic hypertrophy? - Answer: hypertrophy of
myocardial cells from endurance training
example of pathologic hypertrophy - Answer: cardiomegaly in a hypertensive
patient
What is hyperplasia? - Answer: increase in the number of cells
example of compensatory hyperplasia? - Answer: regeneration of the liver
example of pathological hyperplasia - Answer: endometrial tissue
Page 4 of 64
