Psy 290 Exam UPDATED Questions and
CORRECT Answers
Why does myelin increase the speed of conduction? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Myelin
increases the speed of conduction because it
offers considerable resistance to the flow of ionic current
Autism - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Understanding how the brain is formed and the way in
which this process can go wrong
Gastrulation has 2 process - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- -The distinct cellular layer
-Elongation of the form
Gastrulation - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- -It consisted of 3 layers of cells
-Form tissues
-Ectoderm: skin, hair, eye and after the brain
-Mesoderm: aids production of red blood cells, muscles,
-Endoderm: form stomach, liver, lunges, intestine (organs)
Early development of the nervous systems - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Thickening of the
ectoderm leads to the development of the neural plate
After 20 days
The neural groove begins to develop and create neural tube
at 20 days
The most lateral row gives rise to sensory neurons.
The middle row gives rise to interneurons.
The medial row gives rise to primary motor neurons.
Day 22
,The neural groove come together to form the neural tube
Crest of the neural groove come together to form the neural tube
Day 25
Major divisions of the brain present
Dyslexia, autism, epilepsy and schizophrenia when the process of mutation of gene occurs
Where some neuron may end up where it should not be
It can cause misplace or oddly formed neurons
The development of the nervous system can be divided into 6 distinct stages - CORRECT
ANSWER✔✔- 1. Cells of the neural tube divide to provide progeny cells
2. The cells migrate to their appropriate regions
3. Each cell differentiates, expressing a particular subset of genes to become a particular type
of neuron or glial cells
4.Neuron extend their axons and dendrites and form many synapses with on another
5.Many neurons normally die early in development
6.Many of the synapses initially formed
-Then will later be retracted
-While other, later-appearing synapses form
Neurogenesis - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- -Embryonic stem cells
-Totipotent (early) - Become any type of body cell
-Multipotent (later) - limited to become a range of what they can become
,Cell migration - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- -Once cells have been created they migrate
- There are 2 different ways to migrate
-2 methods of migration
Chemical signals
-Somal translocation : an extension develops that leads migration; the cell body follows
-Chemical signal help guide the neurons to final location
-F-actin (red) and microtubule (green) labeling of the same growth cone
Glial
- Mediated migration: The cells moves along a radial glial network
Differentiation - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Cells sort themselves out through cell interaction
based on what the neighbour cells are doing
-Where they mock what the other cells around them are doing
After migration, cell align themselves with others cells and form structures
Cell-adhesion Molecules (CAMs)
-Aid both migration and aggregation
-CAMs recognize and adhere to molecules
Gap junctions pass cytoplasm between cells (many other aspect)
-Prevalent in brain development
-May play a role in aggregation and other processes
-Connans - give cytoplasm
If they are not fully differentiated then they are able to help treat neurological disorders
, Synaptogenesis - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Axon and dendrite start to grow and talk to each
other
-Roger Sperry: in the 1940s he performed a series of experience on the visual system of a
frog to see what was influencing the early growth and migration of the synaptic connection
-In the experience, the eye of the frog was severed from the original connection to the tectum
-Then he rotates it 180 degrees and reimplanted it
-The retinal ganglia cells were able to regenerate axons that project back to the tectum and
reestablish these functional synapses
*basically he cut the eye, turned them around, and allowed them to regrow so they reestablish
their functional synapses
The chemo affinity hypothesis proposes that axons differentially recognize chemical signals
produced by target matching cells
-In this way, neuron connects only to specific cells or group cells
- trophic factors are synthesized by target tissues and made available to developing neurons in
order to guide their potential axonal pathway
While the competing model contrast is the resonance hypothesis: predicts the non-specific
neural connection during the early developmental stages
-basically a blank state idea
Overall, he's basically saying that neurons are making a connection with their targets based
on interactions with molecules markers and chemicals and not just the experience
-If the eye was experiment-driven the world would be right side up if it was from the blank
space
-But if it was genetically guided, the world would be rotating 180-degree upside down
-The frog inverted the images
-It is genetically driven
-Observation of the effects of NGF as a chemotrophic molecules have defined 4 criteria that
must be satisfied before concluding that a certain molecule is a tropic factor
CORRECT Answers
Why does myelin increase the speed of conduction? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Myelin
increases the speed of conduction because it
offers considerable resistance to the flow of ionic current
Autism - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Understanding how the brain is formed and the way in
which this process can go wrong
Gastrulation has 2 process - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- -The distinct cellular layer
-Elongation of the form
Gastrulation - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- -It consisted of 3 layers of cells
-Form tissues
-Ectoderm: skin, hair, eye and after the brain
-Mesoderm: aids production of red blood cells, muscles,
-Endoderm: form stomach, liver, lunges, intestine (organs)
Early development of the nervous systems - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Thickening of the
ectoderm leads to the development of the neural plate
After 20 days
The neural groove begins to develop and create neural tube
at 20 days
The most lateral row gives rise to sensory neurons.
The middle row gives rise to interneurons.
The medial row gives rise to primary motor neurons.
Day 22
,The neural groove come together to form the neural tube
Crest of the neural groove come together to form the neural tube
Day 25
Major divisions of the brain present
Dyslexia, autism, epilepsy and schizophrenia when the process of mutation of gene occurs
Where some neuron may end up where it should not be
It can cause misplace or oddly formed neurons
The development of the nervous system can be divided into 6 distinct stages - CORRECT
ANSWER✔✔- 1. Cells of the neural tube divide to provide progeny cells
2. The cells migrate to their appropriate regions
3. Each cell differentiates, expressing a particular subset of genes to become a particular type
of neuron or glial cells
4.Neuron extend their axons and dendrites and form many synapses with on another
5.Many neurons normally die early in development
6.Many of the synapses initially formed
-Then will later be retracted
-While other, later-appearing synapses form
Neurogenesis - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- -Embryonic stem cells
-Totipotent (early) - Become any type of body cell
-Multipotent (later) - limited to become a range of what they can become
,Cell migration - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- -Once cells have been created they migrate
- There are 2 different ways to migrate
-2 methods of migration
Chemical signals
-Somal translocation : an extension develops that leads migration; the cell body follows
-Chemical signal help guide the neurons to final location
-F-actin (red) and microtubule (green) labeling of the same growth cone
Glial
- Mediated migration: The cells moves along a radial glial network
Differentiation - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Cells sort themselves out through cell interaction
based on what the neighbour cells are doing
-Where they mock what the other cells around them are doing
After migration, cell align themselves with others cells and form structures
Cell-adhesion Molecules (CAMs)
-Aid both migration and aggregation
-CAMs recognize and adhere to molecules
Gap junctions pass cytoplasm between cells (many other aspect)
-Prevalent in brain development
-May play a role in aggregation and other processes
-Connans - give cytoplasm
If they are not fully differentiated then they are able to help treat neurological disorders
, Synaptogenesis - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- Axon and dendrite start to grow and talk to each
other
-Roger Sperry: in the 1940s he performed a series of experience on the visual system of a
frog to see what was influencing the early growth and migration of the synaptic connection
-In the experience, the eye of the frog was severed from the original connection to the tectum
-Then he rotates it 180 degrees and reimplanted it
-The retinal ganglia cells were able to regenerate axons that project back to the tectum and
reestablish these functional synapses
*basically he cut the eye, turned them around, and allowed them to regrow so they reestablish
their functional synapses
The chemo affinity hypothesis proposes that axons differentially recognize chemical signals
produced by target matching cells
-In this way, neuron connects only to specific cells or group cells
- trophic factors are synthesized by target tissues and made available to developing neurons in
order to guide their potential axonal pathway
While the competing model contrast is the resonance hypothesis: predicts the non-specific
neural connection during the early developmental stages
-basically a blank state idea
Overall, he's basically saying that neurons are making a connection with their targets based
on interactions with molecules markers and chemicals and not just the experience
-If the eye was experiment-driven the world would be right side up if it was from the blank
space
-But if it was genetically guided, the world would be rotating 180-degree upside down
-The frog inverted the images
-It is genetically driven
-Observation of the effects of NGF as a chemotrophic molecules have defined 4 criteria that
must be satisfied before concluding that a certain molecule is a tropic factor
