MDLB 1221 MODULE F QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A+
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infection control
implementing procedures and policies that prevent infection
infection
a condition that results when a microbe (microorganism) invades the body, multiplies,
and causes injury or disease
microbes
bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses
non-pathogenic
don't cause disease under normal conditions
pathogens
microbes that are pathogenic
normal flora
non-pathogenic microbes that are in skin and GI tract; can become pathogenic if they
enter and multiply in areas of the body where they don't normally exist
communicable
able to spread from person to person
communicable diseases
Infections that can spread from one person to another
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
investigation and control of various diseases, especially those that are communicable
and have epidemic potential; develops guidelines and recommends safety precautions
to protect HCWs and others from infection
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
part of the CDC; conducting research and making recommendations for the prevention
of work-related illness and injury
nosocomial infection
patient infections acquired in hospitals
healthcare-associated infection (HAI)
infections acquired during healthcare delivery in all healthcare settings (including home
care); from contact with infected people, visitors, food, drugs, equipment
National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN)
HAI tracking system provided by the CDC; data helps eliminate HAIs by identifying
problem areas and measuring progress of prevention efforts
standardized infection ratio (SIR)
summary measure used by NHSN to track certain types of HAIs; dividing # of observed
HAIs by # that would be expected based on nationally combined data for a certain time
period; SIR greater than 1 = more HAIs than expected, less than 1 = fewer HAIs than
expected
Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC)
, provides CDC advice and guidance with the practice of infection control and prevention
in healthcare settings, the updating of CDC guidelines and the development of new
CDC infection control guidelines
antibiotic-resistant infections
ability of microbes to develop resistance to specific antibiotics; leads to suffering and
increases patient risk of dying from once easily treatable infections
3 most common HAI pathogens
clostridium difficile (C. diffile, C. diff), methicillin-resistant staphylococcus (staph) aureus
(MRSA), enterococcus
C. diff
type of intestinal bacteria that multiplies when patients are treated with antibiotics;
causes mild to severe GI infections and is the most commonly identified cause of
diarrhea
MRSA
responsible for many types of HAIs from skin, wound, and surgical site infections, to
pneumonia and bloodstream infections that can be fatal
enterococcus (bacterial)
normally present in GI tract (don't pose a threat); pose a serious threat to those more
susceptible to infection (elders, ICU patients, chronic disease like diabetes or kidney
failure); infections include bloodstream infections, wound and surgical site infections,
UTIs; 30% are vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE)
multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria
bacteria resistant to almost all available treatments
carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE)
family of gram-negative bacteria that are resistant to a class of drugs called
carbapenems because they produce and enzyme that breaks down the drugs; also
resistant to most antibiotics
carbapenems
drugs that have been considered the "last resort" for treating bacterial infections like
Escherichia coli (E. coli)
E.coli
causes most UTIs, and can become resistant to carbapenem and can share/transfer the
genetic trait to other Enterobacteriaceae
acinetobacter baumannii
gram-resistant bacteria/drug-resistant; responsible for many wound infections
pseudomonas aeruginosa
gram-resistant/drug resistant; often the cause of bloodstream infections and pneumonia
chain of infection
chain must be complete for infection to occur and if stopped at any component the
infection is prevented
chain of infection components
infectious agent, reservoir, exit pathway, means of transmission, entry pathway,
susceptible host
infectious agent/causative agent
pathogenic microbe responsible for causing an infection
reservoir
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infection control
implementing procedures and policies that prevent infection
infection
a condition that results when a microbe (microorganism) invades the body, multiplies,
and causes injury or disease
microbes
bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses
non-pathogenic
don't cause disease under normal conditions
pathogens
microbes that are pathogenic
normal flora
non-pathogenic microbes that are in skin and GI tract; can become pathogenic if they
enter and multiply in areas of the body where they don't normally exist
communicable
able to spread from person to person
communicable diseases
Infections that can spread from one person to another
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
investigation and control of various diseases, especially those that are communicable
and have epidemic potential; develops guidelines and recommends safety precautions
to protect HCWs and others from infection
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
part of the CDC; conducting research and making recommendations for the prevention
of work-related illness and injury
nosocomial infection
patient infections acquired in hospitals
healthcare-associated infection (HAI)
infections acquired during healthcare delivery in all healthcare settings (including home
care); from contact with infected people, visitors, food, drugs, equipment
National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN)
HAI tracking system provided by the CDC; data helps eliminate HAIs by identifying
problem areas and measuring progress of prevention efforts
standardized infection ratio (SIR)
summary measure used by NHSN to track certain types of HAIs; dividing # of observed
HAIs by # that would be expected based on nationally combined data for a certain time
period; SIR greater than 1 = more HAIs than expected, less than 1 = fewer HAIs than
expected
Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC)
, provides CDC advice and guidance with the practice of infection control and prevention
in healthcare settings, the updating of CDC guidelines and the development of new
CDC infection control guidelines
antibiotic-resistant infections
ability of microbes to develop resistance to specific antibiotics; leads to suffering and
increases patient risk of dying from once easily treatable infections
3 most common HAI pathogens
clostridium difficile (C. diffile, C. diff), methicillin-resistant staphylococcus (staph) aureus
(MRSA), enterococcus
C. diff
type of intestinal bacteria that multiplies when patients are treated with antibiotics;
causes mild to severe GI infections and is the most commonly identified cause of
diarrhea
MRSA
responsible for many types of HAIs from skin, wound, and surgical site infections, to
pneumonia and bloodstream infections that can be fatal
enterococcus (bacterial)
normally present in GI tract (don't pose a threat); pose a serious threat to those more
susceptible to infection (elders, ICU patients, chronic disease like diabetes or kidney
failure); infections include bloodstream infections, wound and surgical site infections,
UTIs; 30% are vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE)
multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria
bacteria resistant to almost all available treatments
carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE)
family of gram-negative bacteria that are resistant to a class of drugs called
carbapenems because they produce and enzyme that breaks down the drugs; also
resistant to most antibiotics
carbapenems
drugs that have been considered the "last resort" for treating bacterial infections like
Escherichia coli (E. coli)
E.coli
causes most UTIs, and can become resistant to carbapenem and can share/transfer the
genetic trait to other Enterobacteriaceae
acinetobacter baumannii
gram-resistant bacteria/drug-resistant; responsible for many wound infections
pseudomonas aeruginosa
gram-resistant/drug resistant; often the cause of bloodstream infections and pneumonia
chain of infection
chain must be complete for infection to occur and if stopped at any component the
infection is prevented
chain of infection components
infectious agent, reservoir, exit pathway, means of transmission, entry pathway,
susceptible host
infectious agent/causative agent
pathogenic microbe responsible for causing an infection
reservoir
