MMBIO 221 TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A+
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How can bacteria acquire resistance genes?
Through mutations or by getting resistance genes via horizontal gene transfer.
What makes persister cells different from resistant cells?
Persister cells survive drugs without passing resistance to offspring
What are the three steps a pathogen must complete to cause disease?
Enter, attach, and evade defenses.
What are the three lines of defense in the human body?
Physical barriers, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity.
Which ways are antibiotics administered for an internal infection?
Orally, Intramuscularly and Intravenously
What is the range called where the range of drug concentrations that are effective
without being toxic to a patient?v
Therapeutic window
What is it called where there is a clear area in the drug-soaked disc where the
microbe does not grow?
Zone of inhibition
What is an example of PRRs that can be found in the cytoplasm of cells?
NOD proteins
which complement pathway is antibody mediated?
the classical pathway
what type of molecule causes a fever?
pyrogens
which complement pathway is antibody mediated?
the classical pathway
Steps of phagocytosis:
1) Chemotaxis (2) Adhesion (3) Ingestion (4) Phagosome Maturation (5) Microbial
Killing (6) Elimination
Eosinophil:
Type of granulocyte that performs phagocytosis, secretes chemicals to kill large
pathogens (like parasitic worms)
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs):
Fibers ejected from inside of cell with eventual rupture of cell membrane (suicide) to
create a trap for Gram + and - cells to immobilize and kill them
Myeloid stem cells:
Cells that become platelets and 4 kinds of leukocytes
Which of the following describe the chemical barriers provided by the skin?
Secretion of antimicrobial peptides, salts, lysozyme, and sebum
Competitive Inhibition/Antimicrobial Antagonism describes the main role of....?
The Microbiome
What is the Lacrimal Apparatus?
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How can bacteria acquire resistance genes?
Through mutations or by getting resistance genes via horizontal gene transfer.
What makes persister cells different from resistant cells?
Persister cells survive drugs without passing resistance to offspring
What are the three steps a pathogen must complete to cause disease?
Enter, attach, and evade defenses.
What are the three lines of defense in the human body?
Physical barriers, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity.
Which ways are antibiotics administered for an internal infection?
Orally, Intramuscularly and Intravenously
What is the range called where the range of drug concentrations that are effective
without being toxic to a patient?v
Therapeutic window
What is it called where there is a clear area in the drug-soaked disc where the
microbe does not grow?
Zone of inhibition
What is an example of PRRs that can be found in the cytoplasm of cells?
NOD proteins
which complement pathway is antibody mediated?
the classical pathway
what type of molecule causes a fever?
pyrogens
which complement pathway is antibody mediated?
the classical pathway
Steps of phagocytosis:
1) Chemotaxis (2) Adhesion (3) Ingestion (4) Phagosome Maturation (5) Microbial
Killing (6) Elimination
Eosinophil:
Type of granulocyte that performs phagocytosis, secretes chemicals to kill large
pathogens (like parasitic worms)
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs):
Fibers ejected from inside of cell with eventual rupture of cell membrane (suicide) to
create a trap for Gram + and - cells to immobilize and kill them
Myeloid stem cells:
Cells that become platelets and 4 kinds of leukocytes
Which of the following describe the chemical barriers provided by the skin?
Secretion of antimicrobial peptides, salts, lysozyme, and sebum
Competitive Inhibition/Antimicrobial Antagonism describes the main role of....?
The Microbiome
What is the Lacrimal Apparatus?
