MMBIO 221 TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A+
GRADED. Buy Quality Materials!
Fungi
Eukaryotic (membrane bound nucleus), obtain food from other organisms, great
decomposes, possess cell walls composed of chitin. Includes molds and yeasts.
Classified by type of sexual spore. Causes diseases: ringworm, yeast infections,
coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, dermatophytosis. (acidophile-grows best in acidic
habitat)
Mold
A type of fungi, is multicellular, sexual and asexual spores. Penicillium is one example.
Yeasts
A type of fungi, is unicellular, asexually by budding and some make sexual spores
Protozoa
Single celled eukaryotes, similar to animals in their nutritional needs and cellular
structure. Typically live freely in water, some live inside animal hosts. Most reproduce
asexually, some sexually. Classified by mechanism of motility. Examples: amoebas,
paramecium, giardiasis, baghdad boil, chaga's disease, malaria, amebiasis
Locomotion of protozoa
Pseudopodia--cell extensions that flow in direction of travel
Cilia--numerous, short, hair like protrusions that propel organisms through environment
Flagella--extensions of a cell that are fewer, longer, and more whip-like than cilia
Algae
Unicellular or multicellular, photosynthetic, simple reproductive structures, categorized
on the basis of pigmentation, storage produced, and composition of cell wall. Has cell
wall composed of "silicates or other compounds". Non-pathogenic except for their role in
red tides and shellfish poisoning. (Can be toxic or nontoxic) Diatoms, spirogyra.
Prokaryotes
Unicellular and lack nuclei (also lack most membrane-bound organelles), much smaller
than eukaryotes. Found everywhere there is sufficient moisture, some are found in
extreme environments like Archaea. Reproduce asexually (binary fission). Includes two
kinds: bacteria and archaea. Examples are streptococcus, TB, diphtheria
Bacteria
Cell walls contain peptidoglycan, a few lack cell walls; most do not cause disease and
some are beneficial
Archaea
Cell walls composed of polymers other than peptidoglycan; no diseases
Viruses
Papillomavirus, bacteriophage, AIDS, influenza, west nile, SARS
Eukaryotes
Have nuclei and membrane bound structures (algae, fungi, protozoa, animals and
plants)
Cellular membrane
, Functions in energy production: harvests light energy in photosynthetic prokaryotes,
maintains a concentration gradient and electrical gradient (electrochemical gradient)
and voltage exists across the membrane
Active transport
Uses energy/ATP and carrier proteins to carry substances across a membrane
Uniport
Type of transport when a protein lets substances flow in only one direction
Symport
Type of transport, uses ATP, 2 particles pumped in (one against gradient and one with
gradient)
Antiport
Type of transport, particles being pumped in and out of the same pump, ATP USED
Coupled transport
Type of transport, one pump gets the substance in and a separate one pumps another
out
Group translocation
Substance is chemically modified during transport (e.g. Glucose is transported and
simultaneously phosphorylated)
Passive transport
Type of transport, NO ATP needed. Includes diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis
Diffusion
Small or lipid-soluble chemicals go through the membrane with no use of ATP
Facilitated diffusion
Several types of chemicals go through nonspecific channel PR through a permease of a
specific channel
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a specific channel or through the membrane
Isotonic solution
Concentration is the same outside and inside the cell. Flow of water in and out is equal
Hypertonic solution
Concentration of solute is higher in solution, so water flows out of cell and it shrivels up
(crenation=shrinking of animal cell, plasmolysis=shrinking of a plant cell)
Hypotonic solution
Concentration of solute is higher inside the cell than out, so water flows into cell and it
bursts (lysis)
Glycocalyces
Gelatinous sticky substance surrounding the outside of a bacterial cell, composed of
polysaccharides or polypeptides or both. Includes a capsule and a slime layer
Capsule
Part of a bacterial cell, composed of organized repeating units of organic chemicals. It is
firmly attached to the cell surface, protects the cell from drying out, and may prevent
bacteria from being recognized and destroyed by host
Slime layer
Loosely attached to cell surface of a bacteria, it is water soluble and protects the cell
from drying out. It is a sticky layer that allows prokaryotes to attach to surfaces. Not
uniform in shape, but lumpy and spread out instead
GRADED. Buy Quality Materials!
Fungi
Eukaryotic (membrane bound nucleus), obtain food from other organisms, great
decomposes, possess cell walls composed of chitin. Includes molds and yeasts.
Classified by type of sexual spore. Causes diseases: ringworm, yeast infections,
coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, dermatophytosis. (acidophile-grows best in acidic
habitat)
Mold
A type of fungi, is multicellular, sexual and asexual spores. Penicillium is one example.
Yeasts
A type of fungi, is unicellular, asexually by budding and some make sexual spores
Protozoa
Single celled eukaryotes, similar to animals in their nutritional needs and cellular
structure. Typically live freely in water, some live inside animal hosts. Most reproduce
asexually, some sexually. Classified by mechanism of motility. Examples: amoebas,
paramecium, giardiasis, baghdad boil, chaga's disease, malaria, amebiasis
Locomotion of protozoa
Pseudopodia--cell extensions that flow in direction of travel
Cilia--numerous, short, hair like protrusions that propel organisms through environment
Flagella--extensions of a cell that are fewer, longer, and more whip-like than cilia
Algae
Unicellular or multicellular, photosynthetic, simple reproductive structures, categorized
on the basis of pigmentation, storage produced, and composition of cell wall. Has cell
wall composed of "silicates or other compounds". Non-pathogenic except for their role in
red tides and shellfish poisoning. (Can be toxic or nontoxic) Diatoms, spirogyra.
Prokaryotes
Unicellular and lack nuclei (also lack most membrane-bound organelles), much smaller
than eukaryotes. Found everywhere there is sufficient moisture, some are found in
extreme environments like Archaea. Reproduce asexually (binary fission). Includes two
kinds: bacteria and archaea. Examples are streptococcus, TB, diphtheria
Bacteria
Cell walls contain peptidoglycan, a few lack cell walls; most do not cause disease and
some are beneficial
Archaea
Cell walls composed of polymers other than peptidoglycan; no diseases
Viruses
Papillomavirus, bacteriophage, AIDS, influenza, west nile, SARS
Eukaryotes
Have nuclei and membrane bound structures (algae, fungi, protozoa, animals and
plants)
Cellular membrane
, Functions in energy production: harvests light energy in photosynthetic prokaryotes,
maintains a concentration gradient and electrical gradient (electrochemical gradient)
and voltage exists across the membrane
Active transport
Uses energy/ATP and carrier proteins to carry substances across a membrane
Uniport
Type of transport when a protein lets substances flow in only one direction
Symport
Type of transport, uses ATP, 2 particles pumped in (one against gradient and one with
gradient)
Antiport
Type of transport, particles being pumped in and out of the same pump, ATP USED
Coupled transport
Type of transport, one pump gets the substance in and a separate one pumps another
out
Group translocation
Substance is chemically modified during transport (e.g. Glucose is transported and
simultaneously phosphorylated)
Passive transport
Type of transport, NO ATP needed. Includes diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis
Diffusion
Small or lipid-soluble chemicals go through the membrane with no use of ATP
Facilitated diffusion
Several types of chemicals go through nonspecific channel PR through a permease of a
specific channel
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a specific channel or through the membrane
Isotonic solution
Concentration is the same outside and inside the cell. Flow of water in and out is equal
Hypertonic solution
Concentration of solute is higher in solution, so water flows out of cell and it shrivels up
(crenation=shrinking of animal cell, plasmolysis=shrinking of a plant cell)
Hypotonic solution
Concentration of solute is higher inside the cell than out, so water flows into cell and it
bursts (lysis)
Glycocalyces
Gelatinous sticky substance surrounding the outside of a bacterial cell, composed of
polysaccharides or polypeptides or both. Includes a capsule and a slime layer
Capsule
Part of a bacterial cell, composed of organized repeating units of organic chemicals. It is
firmly attached to the cell surface, protects the cell from drying out, and may prevent
bacteria from being recognized and destroyed by host
Slime layer
Loosely attached to cell surface of a bacteria, it is water soluble and protects the cell
from drying out. It is a sticky layer that allows prokaryotes to attach to surfaces. Not
uniform in shape, but lumpy and spread out instead
