MMBIO 221 TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A+
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scientific contributions of Leeuwenhoek.
First makeshift simple microscope and saw little animalcules (microorganisms)
six categories of microorganisms.
Fungi
protozoa
algae
bacteria
archaea
viruses
Differentiate prokaryotic from eukaryotic organisms.
Prokaryotic--Unicellualr microorganism that lacks a nucleus (bacteria and archaea)
Eukaryotic--any organism made up of cells containing a nucleus composed of genetic
material surrounded by a distinct membrane; (animals, plants, algae, fungi, protozoa).
List and answer the four questions that propelled research in what is called the
"Golden Age of Microbiology."
Is spontaneous generation of microbial life possible?
what causes fermentation?
what causes disease?
how can we prevent infection and disease?
Is spontaneous generation of microbial life possible?
Redi's experiment: shen decaying meat was kept isolated from flies, maggots never
developed; meat exposed to flies was soon infested
Needham's experiments: thought microbes, not animals, could arise spontaneously;
boiled beef gravy etc and tightly sealed with corks, days later vials were cloudy; thought
it was 'life force'
Spallanzani's experiments: (Needham didn't heat gravy sufficiently to kill microbes),
microorganisms exist in air and contaminate experiments
Pasteur's Experiments: "swan-necked' flasks kept upright, no microbial growth
appeared, when tilted, dust seeped into flask and cloudy with microbes
what causes fermentation?
Pasteur: fermentation experiments
Buchner: discovered fermentation does NOT require living cells due to presence of
enzymes which promote chemical reactions
what causes disease?
Pasteur germ theory (pathogens)
Robert Koch: studied causative agents of disease; simple staining techniques, first
photomicrograph of bacteria, first photomicrograph of bacteria in diseased tissue,
techniques for estimating CFU/ml, use of steam to sterilize media, use of petri dishes,
techniques to transfer bacteria, bacteria as distinct species.
Suspected causative agent must be found in every case of disease and be absent from
healthy hosts
,agent must be isolated and grown outside the host
when agent is introduced into healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the disease,
same agent must be found in diseased experimental host
Gram's Stain: involved applications of series of dyes and chemicals. Gram +: purple,
Gram-: pink/red. Differences in bacterial cell wall.
how can we prevent infection and disease?
Semmelweis: hand washing
Lister: antiseptic technique
Nightingale: nursing
Snow: infection control and epidemiology
Jenner: vaccine, field of immunology
Ehrlich: "magic bullets" field of chemotherapy
Compare and contrast the investigations of Redi, Needham, Spallanzani, and
Pasteur concerning spontaneous generation.
Redi's experiment: shen decaying meat was kept isolated from flies, maggots never
developed; meat exposed to flies was soon infested
Needham's experiments: thought microbes, not animals, could arise spontaneously;
boiled beef gravy etc and tightly sealed with corks, days later vials were cloudy; thought
it was 'life force'
Spallanzani's experiments: (Needham didn't heat gravy sufficiently to kill microbes),
microorganisms exist in air and contaminate experiments
Pasteur's Experiments: "swan-necked' flasks kept upright, no microbial growth
appeared, when tilted, dust seeped into flask and cloudy with microbes
Define the scientific method of investigation and outline the four associated
steps.
Process by which scientists attempt to prove or disprove hypotheses through
observations of outcomes of carefully controlled experiments
Observation leads to question
question generates hypothesis
hypothesis is tested through experiments
results prove or disprove hypothesis
accepted hypothesis leads to theory/lawa
reject or modify hypothesis
significance of Pasteur's fermentation experiments
Linked to debate over spontaneous generation.
observed yeast cells growing in grape juice and showed that they arise only from other
yeast cells.
sealing sterile flasks with grape juice and yeast and leaving others open to air,
demonstrated yeast could grow with or without oxygen (facultative anaerobes)
introducing bacteria and yeast cells into different flasks of sterile grape joice, proved
bacteria ferment grape juice to produce acids and yeast cells ferment grape juice to
produce alcohol.
*discovery that anaerobic bacteria fermented grape juice into acids suggested method
for preventing spoilage of wine (heat just enough to kill contaminating bacteria without
changing juices basic qualities, inoculate with yeast to ferment)
industrial microbiology (biotechnology), microbes used intentionally to manufacture
, products.
"Father of Microbiology"
scientist whose experiments led to the field of biochemistry and the study of
metabolism.
Eduard Buchner: used chemical explanation showing that fermentation does not require
living cells. Showed the presence of enzymes, which are cell-produced proteins that
promote chemical reactions.
Began field of biochemistry and study of metabolism, refers to sum of all chemical
reactions within an organism.
List at least seven contributions made by Koch to the field of microbiology.
simple staining techniques, first photomicrograph of bacteria, first photomicrograph of
bacteria in diseased tissue, techniques for estimating CFU/ml, use of steam to sterilize
media, use of petri dishes, techniques to transfer bacteria, bacteria as distinct species.
four steps that must be taken to prove the cause of an infectious disease.
Koch postulates
Suspected causative agent must be found in every case of disease and be absent from
healthy hosts
agent must be isolated and grown outside the host
when agent is introduced into healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the disease,
same agent must be found in diseased experimental host
the contribution of Gram to the field of microbiology.
Gram's Stain: involved applications of series of dyes and chemicals.
Gram +: purple, Gram-: pink/red. Differences in bacterial cell wall.
Identify four health care practitioners who did pioneering research in the areas of
public health microbiology and epidemiology. Describe their research.
Semmelweis: hand washing (cadavers to delivering babies; chlorinated lime water
prevented)
Lister: antiseptic technique (spraying wounds, incising, etc with carbolic acid)
Nightingale: nursing (standards of hygiene, dressings, etc)
Snow: infection control and epidemiology (public hygiene, problems stemmed from
public water supply, sewage treatment, pure water)
Jenner: vaccine, field of immunology (cowpox to cause immunity to smallpox)
Ehrlich: "magic bullets" field of chemotherapy (study of how to destroy pathogens while
remaining nontoxic to humans)
Name two scientists whose work with vaccines began the field of immunology.
Jenner and Pasteur
Describe the term "magic bullet" as it applies to microbiology and Ehrlich's quest
for its discovery.
idea that some chemicals could destroy pathogens while remaining nontoxic to humans.
List and describe the four major questions that drive microbiological
investigations today.
What are the basic chemical reactions of life?
biochemistry (Buchner and Pasteur)
How do genes work?
Microbial genetics, molecular biology, genetic engineering, gene therapy: recombinant
DNA technology
GRADED. Buy Quality Materials!
scientific contributions of Leeuwenhoek.
First makeshift simple microscope and saw little animalcules (microorganisms)
six categories of microorganisms.
Fungi
protozoa
algae
bacteria
archaea
viruses
Differentiate prokaryotic from eukaryotic organisms.
Prokaryotic--Unicellualr microorganism that lacks a nucleus (bacteria and archaea)
Eukaryotic--any organism made up of cells containing a nucleus composed of genetic
material surrounded by a distinct membrane; (animals, plants, algae, fungi, protozoa).
List and answer the four questions that propelled research in what is called the
"Golden Age of Microbiology."
Is spontaneous generation of microbial life possible?
what causes fermentation?
what causes disease?
how can we prevent infection and disease?
Is spontaneous generation of microbial life possible?
Redi's experiment: shen decaying meat was kept isolated from flies, maggots never
developed; meat exposed to flies was soon infested
Needham's experiments: thought microbes, not animals, could arise spontaneously;
boiled beef gravy etc and tightly sealed with corks, days later vials were cloudy; thought
it was 'life force'
Spallanzani's experiments: (Needham didn't heat gravy sufficiently to kill microbes),
microorganisms exist in air and contaminate experiments
Pasteur's Experiments: "swan-necked' flasks kept upright, no microbial growth
appeared, when tilted, dust seeped into flask and cloudy with microbes
what causes fermentation?
Pasteur: fermentation experiments
Buchner: discovered fermentation does NOT require living cells due to presence of
enzymes which promote chemical reactions
what causes disease?
Pasteur germ theory (pathogens)
Robert Koch: studied causative agents of disease; simple staining techniques, first
photomicrograph of bacteria, first photomicrograph of bacteria in diseased tissue,
techniques for estimating CFU/ml, use of steam to sterilize media, use of petri dishes,
techniques to transfer bacteria, bacteria as distinct species.
Suspected causative agent must be found in every case of disease and be absent from
healthy hosts
,agent must be isolated and grown outside the host
when agent is introduced into healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the disease,
same agent must be found in diseased experimental host
Gram's Stain: involved applications of series of dyes and chemicals. Gram +: purple,
Gram-: pink/red. Differences in bacterial cell wall.
how can we prevent infection and disease?
Semmelweis: hand washing
Lister: antiseptic technique
Nightingale: nursing
Snow: infection control and epidemiology
Jenner: vaccine, field of immunology
Ehrlich: "magic bullets" field of chemotherapy
Compare and contrast the investigations of Redi, Needham, Spallanzani, and
Pasteur concerning spontaneous generation.
Redi's experiment: shen decaying meat was kept isolated from flies, maggots never
developed; meat exposed to flies was soon infested
Needham's experiments: thought microbes, not animals, could arise spontaneously;
boiled beef gravy etc and tightly sealed with corks, days later vials were cloudy; thought
it was 'life force'
Spallanzani's experiments: (Needham didn't heat gravy sufficiently to kill microbes),
microorganisms exist in air and contaminate experiments
Pasteur's Experiments: "swan-necked' flasks kept upright, no microbial growth
appeared, when tilted, dust seeped into flask and cloudy with microbes
Define the scientific method of investigation and outline the four associated
steps.
Process by which scientists attempt to prove or disprove hypotheses through
observations of outcomes of carefully controlled experiments
Observation leads to question
question generates hypothesis
hypothesis is tested through experiments
results prove or disprove hypothesis
accepted hypothesis leads to theory/lawa
reject or modify hypothesis
significance of Pasteur's fermentation experiments
Linked to debate over spontaneous generation.
observed yeast cells growing in grape juice and showed that they arise only from other
yeast cells.
sealing sterile flasks with grape juice and yeast and leaving others open to air,
demonstrated yeast could grow with or without oxygen (facultative anaerobes)
introducing bacteria and yeast cells into different flasks of sterile grape joice, proved
bacteria ferment grape juice to produce acids and yeast cells ferment grape juice to
produce alcohol.
*discovery that anaerobic bacteria fermented grape juice into acids suggested method
for preventing spoilage of wine (heat just enough to kill contaminating bacteria without
changing juices basic qualities, inoculate with yeast to ferment)
industrial microbiology (biotechnology), microbes used intentionally to manufacture
, products.
"Father of Microbiology"
scientist whose experiments led to the field of biochemistry and the study of
metabolism.
Eduard Buchner: used chemical explanation showing that fermentation does not require
living cells. Showed the presence of enzymes, which are cell-produced proteins that
promote chemical reactions.
Began field of biochemistry and study of metabolism, refers to sum of all chemical
reactions within an organism.
List at least seven contributions made by Koch to the field of microbiology.
simple staining techniques, first photomicrograph of bacteria, first photomicrograph of
bacteria in diseased tissue, techniques for estimating CFU/ml, use of steam to sterilize
media, use of petri dishes, techniques to transfer bacteria, bacteria as distinct species.
four steps that must be taken to prove the cause of an infectious disease.
Koch postulates
Suspected causative agent must be found in every case of disease and be absent from
healthy hosts
agent must be isolated and grown outside the host
when agent is introduced into healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the disease,
same agent must be found in diseased experimental host
the contribution of Gram to the field of microbiology.
Gram's Stain: involved applications of series of dyes and chemicals.
Gram +: purple, Gram-: pink/red. Differences in bacterial cell wall.
Identify four health care practitioners who did pioneering research in the areas of
public health microbiology and epidemiology. Describe their research.
Semmelweis: hand washing (cadavers to delivering babies; chlorinated lime water
prevented)
Lister: antiseptic technique (spraying wounds, incising, etc with carbolic acid)
Nightingale: nursing (standards of hygiene, dressings, etc)
Snow: infection control and epidemiology (public hygiene, problems stemmed from
public water supply, sewage treatment, pure water)
Jenner: vaccine, field of immunology (cowpox to cause immunity to smallpox)
Ehrlich: "magic bullets" field of chemotherapy (study of how to destroy pathogens while
remaining nontoxic to humans)
Name two scientists whose work with vaccines began the field of immunology.
Jenner and Pasteur
Describe the term "magic bullet" as it applies to microbiology and Ehrlich's quest
for its discovery.
idea that some chemicals could destroy pathogens while remaining nontoxic to humans.
List and describe the four major questions that drive microbiological
investigations today.
What are the basic chemical reactions of life?
biochemistry (Buchner and Pasteur)
How do genes work?
Microbial genetics, molecular biology, genetic engineering, gene therapy: recombinant
DNA technology
