MMBIO 221 TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A+
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What do disinfectant and antiseptic have in common?
both destroy vegetative pathogens aka those that are fully active
Disinfectant
Used on inanimate/ nonliving objects
Antiseptics
Used on living tissue
Factors that affect disinfectant activity
Contact Time: Longer, the more effective
Temperature: Higher, the more effective
pH: depends on chemical; some synergy
Concentration: Higher = better, exception with the alcohols
Amount of orgnaic material present: more microbes=harder to kill them all
Ethanol
70-80% Ethanol: is the max
Usually doesn't work above this concentration
-countertop
Gamma Radiation is used for
sterilizes plastics and petri dishes
Peracetic acid is used for
Semi critical instrument disinfectant
4% Chlorhexidine is used for
antimicrobial handwash
Substituted phenols is used for
mop water
Glutaraldehyde: is
most resistant to inactivation by organic materials
H2O2 gas plasma is used for
sterilization of scopes
AOAC Use-Dilution Test
Determines the effectiveness of a disinfectant on a surface.
Coat steel cylinders with dried bacteria.
What 3 organisms are used in the AOAC Use-Dilution test?
Staph Aures
Salmonella Enterica
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
D Value
Time it takes to kill 1 log or 90% of organisms present at a given temperature
How to compute d value:
A population is reduced from 1x10^8 to 1x 10^5 cells in 9 min. What is the D
value?
, 1. subtract exponents
2. divide time by exponent answer
Ionizing radiation
Wavelengths shorter than 1 nm
electron beams, gamma rays, and X-rays
Move/ disrupt electrons
Non Ionizing radiation
lower energy, longer wavelength, UV light, thymine dimers, slightly sterilizes
For what purposes are Anderson Samplers used?
Bacterial Filtration Efficiency Test (BFE Test): measures how well a material filters out
bacteria
Collects aerosol fractions similar to levels of respiratory tract
Grow collected particles on petri plates
Isoniazid
Anti-tuberculosis drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis
Sulfonamide
Commonly combined with trimethoprim; inhibits dihydrofolate synthesis
Cephalosporin
Beta-lactam antibiotics with 1, 2, and 3 sites that can be chemically modified
What is the most common antibiotic
cephalosporin
Examples of aminoglycosides; mechanism of action; why must they be given by
injection?
Streptomycin
Binds to 30s subunit
Must be injected because we need nigh concentration for it to work properly
The first antibiotic used in humans/first antimicrobials used in human
Alexandar Flemming- penicillin
salvarsan and prontosil- antimicrobial
Examples of macrolides; mechanism of action?
Erythromycin
Binds to 50s subunit
Bacitracin
Kills Group A Strep, in topic ointment like Neosporin
Amphotericin B
Antifungal
Metronidazole
Causes the side effects: "black hairy tongue" and grey stain of permanent teeth while
forming
Ciprofloxacin
A quinolone that inhibits prokaryotic DNA gyrase
Rifampin
Inhibits DNA-directed RNA polymerase; used to treat tuberculosis
GRADED. Buy Quality Materials!
What do disinfectant and antiseptic have in common?
both destroy vegetative pathogens aka those that are fully active
Disinfectant
Used on inanimate/ nonliving objects
Antiseptics
Used on living tissue
Factors that affect disinfectant activity
Contact Time: Longer, the more effective
Temperature: Higher, the more effective
pH: depends on chemical; some synergy
Concentration: Higher = better, exception with the alcohols
Amount of orgnaic material present: more microbes=harder to kill them all
Ethanol
70-80% Ethanol: is the max
Usually doesn't work above this concentration
-countertop
Gamma Radiation is used for
sterilizes plastics and petri dishes
Peracetic acid is used for
Semi critical instrument disinfectant
4% Chlorhexidine is used for
antimicrobial handwash
Substituted phenols is used for
mop water
Glutaraldehyde: is
most resistant to inactivation by organic materials
H2O2 gas plasma is used for
sterilization of scopes
AOAC Use-Dilution Test
Determines the effectiveness of a disinfectant on a surface.
Coat steel cylinders with dried bacteria.
What 3 organisms are used in the AOAC Use-Dilution test?
Staph Aures
Salmonella Enterica
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
D Value
Time it takes to kill 1 log or 90% of organisms present at a given temperature
How to compute d value:
A population is reduced from 1x10^8 to 1x 10^5 cells in 9 min. What is the D
value?
, 1. subtract exponents
2. divide time by exponent answer
Ionizing radiation
Wavelengths shorter than 1 nm
electron beams, gamma rays, and X-rays
Move/ disrupt electrons
Non Ionizing radiation
lower energy, longer wavelength, UV light, thymine dimers, slightly sterilizes
For what purposes are Anderson Samplers used?
Bacterial Filtration Efficiency Test (BFE Test): measures how well a material filters out
bacteria
Collects aerosol fractions similar to levels of respiratory tract
Grow collected particles on petri plates
Isoniazid
Anti-tuberculosis drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis
Sulfonamide
Commonly combined with trimethoprim; inhibits dihydrofolate synthesis
Cephalosporin
Beta-lactam antibiotics with 1, 2, and 3 sites that can be chemically modified
What is the most common antibiotic
cephalosporin
Examples of aminoglycosides; mechanism of action; why must they be given by
injection?
Streptomycin
Binds to 30s subunit
Must be injected because we need nigh concentration for it to work properly
The first antibiotic used in humans/first antimicrobials used in human
Alexandar Flemming- penicillin
salvarsan and prontosil- antimicrobial
Examples of macrolides; mechanism of action?
Erythromycin
Binds to 50s subunit
Bacitracin
Kills Group A Strep, in topic ointment like Neosporin
Amphotericin B
Antifungal
Metronidazole
Causes the side effects: "black hairy tongue" and grey stain of permanent teeth while
forming
Ciprofloxacin
A quinolone that inhibits prokaryotic DNA gyrase
Rifampin
Inhibits DNA-directed RNA polymerase; used to treat tuberculosis
