MMBIO 221 TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A+
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What types of microbes Leeuwenhoek (Father of Microscopy) saw in his
microscopes?
•Examined “everything” and visualized tiny animals,
fungi
algae
single celled protozoa; “animalcules”
What questions drove the Golden Age of Microbiology?
•Is spontaneous generation of microbial life possible?
Idea Held for 2,000 years
Plato
Aristotle
Alexander the Great
•What causes fermentation?
•What causes disease?
•How can we prevent infection and disease?
Francesco Redi
Francesco Redi Italian physician
1626 - 1697
Controlled experiment meat in jars. challenged spontaneous generation.
Lazzaro Spallanzani
Italian Catholic priest/scientist 1729 - 1799
Boiled infusions for almost a hour and sealed the vial by melting their slender necks
closed.
Vital remained clear, unless seals were broken.
1799
-Concluded microorganisms exist in air and can contaminate experiments
-Spontaneous generation of microorganism does not occur.
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
Louis Pasteur French chemist
1822 - 1895
Father of Microbiology
•Pasteur developed the germ theory of disease (1857)
•Miasma disease theory loses traction by end of century
•Pasteurization in the 1800’s:
•A process of heating grape juice just enough to kill most contaminating bacteria without
changing the juice’s basic qualities so that it could then be inoculated with yeast to
ensure that alcohol fermentation occurred.
•Pasteurization today is also used routinely on milk products and in industrial
microbiology.
Robert Koch (1843-1910)
, •Robert Koch (German country doctor and scientist 1843-1910) studied causative
agents of disease
•Anthrax; developed famous postulates
•Examined colonies of microorganisms on solid media (agar & Petri plates)
•Because of his achievements, Koch is considered the Father of the
Microbiological Laboratory
Ignaz Semmelweis
Advocated hand washing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one OB
patient to another.
•Died from Streptococcus infection (the same microbe that causes puerperal fever)
Mental Hospital
Fanny Hess
Agar-agar
Help to identify TB
4. How Can We Prevent Infection and Disease?
•Semmelweis and Handwashing
•Lister’s Antiseptic Technique
•Nightingale and Nursing
•Snow – infection control and epidemiology
•Jenner’s Vaccine – field of immunology
•Ehrlich’s “Magic Bullets” – field of chemotherapy
Joseph Lister (1827-1912)
•Lister began spraying wounds, surgical incisions, and dressings with carbolic acid
(phenol)
•His work was accepted after he showed that it reduced deaths by two-thirds
•Semmelweis vindicated
Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)
•Introduced cleanliness and aseptic techniques into nursing practice during Crimean
War
•Founded the Nightingale School for Nurses
John Snow (1813-1858)
•Mapped the cholera outbreak in London in 1854
•Identified the reservoir as the Broad Street Pump
•Beginning of Epidemiology and infection control
•Died of a stroke at age 45
Edward Jenner (1749-1823)
•Discovered that vaccination using cowpox provided protection against potentially fatal
smallpox
•Intentionally inoculated a boy with pus collected from a milkmaid’s cowpox lesion
•Later infected same boy with smallpox pus
•Immunity developed
•Beginning of the field of Immunology
Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915)
•Discovered that chemicals could be used to kill microbes differentially
GRADED. Buy Quality Materials!
What types of microbes Leeuwenhoek (Father of Microscopy) saw in his
microscopes?
•Examined “everything” and visualized tiny animals,
fungi
algae
single celled protozoa; “animalcules”
What questions drove the Golden Age of Microbiology?
•Is spontaneous generation of microbial life possible?
Idea Held for 2,000 years
Plato
Aristotle
Alexander the Great
•What causes fermentation?
•What causes disease?
•How can we prevent infection and disease?
Francesco Redi
Francesco Redi Italian physician
1626 - 1697
Controlled experiment meat in jars. challenged spontaneous generation.
Lazzaro Spallanzani
Italian Catholic priest/scientist 1729 - 1799
Boiled infusions for almost a hour and sealed the vial by melting their slender necks
closed.
Vital remained clear, unless seals were broken.
1799
-Concluded microorganisms exist in air and can contaminate experiments
-Spontaneous generation of microorganism does not occur.
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
Louis Pasteur French chemist
1822 - 1895
Father of Microbiology
•Pasteur developed the germ theory of disease (1857)
•Miasma disease theory loses traction by end of century
•Pasteurization in the 1800’s:
•A process of heating grape juice just enough to kill most contaminating bacteria without
changing the juice’s basic qualities so that it could then be inoculated with yeast to
ensure that alcohol fermentation occurred.
•Pasteurization today is also used routinely on milk products and in industrial
microbiology.
Robert Koch (1843-1910)
, •Robert Koch (German country doctor and scientist 1843-1910) studied causative
agents of disease
•Anthrax; developed famous postulates
•Examined colonies of microorganisms on solid media (agar & Petri plates)
•Because of his achievements, Koch is considered the Father of the
Microbiological Laboratory
Ignaz Semmelweis
Advocated hand washing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one OB
patient to another.
•Died from Streptococcus infection (the same microbe that causes puerperal fever)
Mental Hospital
Fanny Hess
Agar-agar
Help to identify TB
4. How Can We Prevent Infection and Disease?
•Semmelweis and Handwashing
•Lister’s Antiseptic Technique
•Nightingale and Nursing
•Snow – infection control and epidemiology
•Jenner’s Vaccine – field of immunology
•Ehrlich’s “Magic Bullets” – field of chemotherapy
Joseph Lister (1827-1912)
•Lister began spraying wounds, surgical incisions, and dressings with carbolic acid
(phenol)
•His work was accepted after he showed that it reduced deaths by two-thirds
•Semmelweis vindicated
Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)
•Introduced cleanliness and aseptic techniques into nursing practice during Crimean
War
•Founded the Nightingale School for Nurses
John Snow (1813-1858)
•Mapped the cholera outbreak in London in 1854
•Identified the reservoir as the Broad Street Pump
•Beginning of Epidemiology and infection control
•Died of a stroke at age 45
Edward Jenner (1749-1823)
•Discovered that vaccination using cowpox provided protection against potentially fatal
smallpox
•Intentionally inoculated a boy with pus collected from a milkmaid’s cowpox lesion
•Later infected same boy with smallpox pus
•Immunity developed
•Beginning of the field of Immunology
Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915)
•Discovered that chemicals could be used to kill microbes differentially
