MMBIO 221 TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A+
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2 things other than water that cells require to live
1. Something to eat
2. Something to breathe.
2 things that cells require to live in terms of electrons
1. Electron donor
2. Electron acceptor
What is an electron donor?
Fuel
what is an electron accepter?
an oxidant
What is free energy?
energy available to use.
In the thermodynamics graph, how do you get the most energy and best oxidant?
The points that give you the steepest curve
Breaking bonds does what?
releases energy
creating bonds does what
absorbs energy
Where is energy stored in the bonds?
between carbon atoms
What do enzymes do? (2 of them)
- Speed up chemical reactions
- lower activation energy
What are properties of enzymes? (4 of them)
- are biochemical catalysts
- are usually proteins
- usually influenced by PH (too high or too low
- are not consumed in reactions.
What is an exergonic reaction?
Release free energy
what is an endergonic reaction?
They store free energy
What is a coupled reaction?
combine exergonic and endergonic reactions.
What is oxidation?
loss of electrons (OIL)
what is reduction
gain of electrons (RIG)
What is the role of NAD+ in a cell?
It is reduced to create NADH (be an electron accepter)
What is the role of FAD+ in a cell?
, It is reduced to create FADH2 (be an electron accepter)
If NAD+ and FAD+ are reduced to make NADH and FADH2, what will that make
NAD+ and FAD+
electron accepters (They gave their electrons to make NADH and FADH2 so missing
electrons and can now accept)
Since NADH and FADH2 accepted electrons, what do they do now?
store energy in the form of electrons.
2 goals of cellular respiration
1. Obtain usable energy in the from of ATP
2. To generate precursor molecules for macromolecules
When we talk about respiration, what are we referring to?
about glycolysis all the way thorough the Kreb's cycle.
What level is glycolysis?
Substrate level phosporilation
What goes in and out in glycolysis?
-glucose in
-pyruvate out
What is net ATP in glycolysis?
5 ATP
T or F
glycolysis is a great example of a coupled reaction
T
The energy released in glycolysis forms a bond between what two molecules?
ADP and ATP
In TCA (Kreb's cycle) blank is broken down to form blank?
pyruvate broken down to form acetyl CoA
What level is the Kreb's cycle?
oxidative phosphorilation
What does the Kreb/s cycle generate?
NADH, FADH2, and ATP
What is the net ATP in TCA?
20 ATP
What happens in the electron transport chain?
NADH and FADH2 pass electron to the transport chain and a H+ gradient is created.
That H+ gradient is then used to make ATP via ATP synthase.
what happens the the pre kreb cycle?
CoA activates carbons from pyruvate
difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiation
in aerobic, oxygen is the electron accepetor.
in anaerarbic, inorganic molecules are the electron accpetors
what type of process is fermentation?
anaerobic
What level is fermentation?
substrate level phosphorilation
What are the byproducts of fermentation?
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2 things other than water that cells require to live
1. Something to eat
2. Something to breathe.
2 things that cells require to live in terms of electrons
1. Electron donor
2. Electron acceptor
What is an electron donor?
Fuel
what is an electron accepter?
an oxidant
What is free energy?
energy available to use.
In the thermodynamics graph, how do you get the most energy and best oxidant?
The points that give you the steepest curve
Breaking bonds does what?
releases energy
creating bonds does what
absorbs energy
Where is energy stored in the bonds?
between carbon atoms
What do enzymes do? (2 of them)
- Speed up chemical reactions
- lower activation energy
What are properties of enzymes? (4 of them)
- are biochemical catalysts
- are usually proteins
- usually influenced by PH (too high or too low
- are not consumed in reactions.
What is an exergonic reaction?
Release free energy
what is an endergonic reaction?
They store free energy
What is a coupled reaction?
combine exergonic and endergonic reactions.
What is oxidation?
loss of electrons (OIL)
what is reduction
gain of electrons (RIG)
What is the role of NAD+ in a cell?
It is reduced to create NADH (be an electron accepter)
What is the role of FAD+ in a cell?
, It is reduced to create FADH2 (be an electron accepter)
If NAD+ and FAD+ are reduced to make NADH and FADH2, what will that make
NAD+ and FAD+
electron accepters (They gave their electrons to make NADH and FADH2 so missing
electrons and can now accept)
Since NADH and FADH2 accepted electrons, what do they do now?
store energy in the form of electrons.
2 goals of cellular respiration
1. Obtain usable energy in the from of ATP
2. To generate precursor molecules for macromolecules
When we talk about respiration, what are we referring to?
about glycolysis all the way thorough the Kreb's cycle.
What level is glycolysis?
Substrate level phosporilation
What goes in and out in glycolysis?
-glucose in
-pyruvate out
What is net ATP in glycolysis?
5 ATP
T or F
glycolysis is a great example of a coupled reaction
T
The energy released in glycolysis forms a bond between what two molecules?
ADP and ATP
In TCA (Kreb's cycle) blank is broken down to form blank?
pyruvate broken down to form acetyl CoA
What level is the Kreb's cycle?
oxidative phosphorilation
What does the Kreb/s cycle generate?
NADH, FADH2, and ATP
What is the net ATP in TCA?
20 ATP
What happens in the electron transport chain?
NADH and FADH2 pass electron to the transport chain and a H+ gradient is created.
That H+ gradient is then used to make ATP via ATP synthase.
what happens the the pre kreb cycle?
CoA activates carbons from pyruvate
difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiation
in aerobic, oxygen is the electron accepetor.
in anaerarbic, inorganic molecules are the electron accpetors
what type of process is fermentation?
anaerobic
What level is fermentation?
substrate level phosphorilation
What are the byproducts of fermentation?
