NURS2106 TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A+
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define hypercapnia
an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood
define hypoxaemia
an abnormally low concentration of oxygen in the blood
discuss the steps for a focused respiratory assessment
describe how O2 is carried in the blood and the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociated
curve
about 97% of O2 is carried by haemoglobin (Hb) and a very small amount of O2 is
dissolved in the plasma. The Hb molecule has 4 subunits that are connected to each
other, with each unit being capable of carrying one O2 molecule. The affinity of Hb to
attach to O2 can be affected by a number of factors, such as the hydrogen ion
concentration (pH), the person's temp, the pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood,
concentration of red cell
differentiate between SaO2 and PaO2 from the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation
curve
the section of the curve that drops away steeply represents minor changes to PaO2, but
fairly significant changes to SaO2. A SaO2 of 57% equates to a PaO2 of 30mmHg. The
section of the curve that plateaus at the top to minor change to SaO2, but fairly
significant change to PaO2
what are the indications for supplementary oxygen?
patients who have hypoxaemia, severe anaemia, blood loss, conditions where there's
inadequate numbers of RBCs or haemoglobin to carry the O2
what are the 2 ways O2 is supplied in healthcare facilities
from wall outlets or by portable oxygen cylinders. Oxygen cylinders are encased in
metal carriers equipped with wheels for transport and a broad flat base on which the
cylinder stands at the bedside to prevent it from falling
discuss the oxygen prescribing responsibilities for a RN
oxygen therapy can be initiated by RNs and shouldn't be withheld if the person is
hypoxic and will benefit from it. The general expecation is that the doctor will specify the
specific concentration, the oxygen delivery device to use and litre flow per min (L/min) in
non-urgent situations. important to apply person-centred care and most facilities will
have a standing order, policy and/ or procedure
explain the considerations for administering O2 to a person with COPD
high dose O2 = hypoventilation and hypercapnia, higher than normal levels of Co2 in
the blood. O2 should NEVER be withheld from people with COPD while they are
hypoxic, close monitoring is required to achieve oxygen sats of between 88% and 92%
to avoid hypoxaemia and reduce the risk of oxygen-induced hypercapnia
how is O2 titrated to meet the needs of individual patients?
nurses must check whether there is a valid and current order for oxygen therapy prior to
administering the medication and to provide continuous or regular monitoring, by pulse
, oximetry or arterial blood gases, so that O2 can be titrated to achieve the desired
saturation level for each individual
describe how you should monitor a patient receiving oxygen therapy
by recording pulse oximetry readings, as well as assessing the person's respiratory rate
and mental state for signs of confusion or altered conscious level
explore the safety precautions and potential hazards associated with oxygen
therapy
- no smoking
- regular checking and calibration of electrical devices
- not using volatile solutions near O2
- O2 by itself will not burn or explode but does facilitate combustion
- the greater the concentration of the O2, the more rapidly fires start and burn, and such
fires are difficult to extinguish
- oxygen is colourless, odourless and tasteless, people are unaware of its presence
differentiate between high and low flow oxygen delivery devices and explain
when you would use each
low-flow devices deliver oxygen via small-bore tubing
- administration devices include nasal prongs and face masks and with these types of
devices, room air is also inhaled along with the supplemental oxygen, meaning that the
total amount of oxygen the person breathes in can change, also known as fraction of
inspired oxygen (FiO2). FiO2 is based on: resp rate, tidal volume and L/min flow.
high-flow devices supply all of the oxygen required during ventilation in precise
amounts, regardless of the person's resps and efforts. these devices used to deliver a
precise and consistent method for controlling the FiO2 is a Venturi mask with large-bore
tubing
standard nasal cannula (nasal prongs) advantages + disadvantages, oxygen
delivery conc
- consists of a tube with short curved prongs that fit into the nostrils, one end of the tube
connects to the oxygen supply
- most inexpensive low-flow device used to administer O2
- easy to apply and doesn't interfere with the person's ability to eat or talk
- comfortable, permits some freedom of movement
- limitations include inability to deliver higher concentrations of O2
- can be very drying and irritating to mucous membranes
- standard nasal cannulas deliver a low conc of O2 (24-44%) at flow rates of 1-6L/min
Nasal high-flow therapy (NHFT) advantages + disadvantages, oxygen delivery
conc
- non-invasive resp support designed to deliver 30-60L/min of a heated, humidified
mixture of air and O2 through specifically designed nasal prongs
- effective in managing hypoxaemic respiratory failure and hypercapnic respiratory
failure
- provides positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP)
- washout of anantomical deadspace and improved O2 delivery making it suitable for
people with respiratory distress from bronchiolitis, pneumonia and HF
- provides better oxygenation for people who are post extubation than a rebreather
GRADED .Buy Quality Materials!
define hypercapnia
an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood
define hypoxaemia
an abnormally low concentration of oxygen in the blood
discuss the steps for a focused respiratory assessment
describe how O2 is carried in the blood and the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociated
curve
about 97% of O2 is carried by haemoglobin (Hb) and a very small amount of O2 is
dissolved in the plasma. The Hb molecule has 4 subunits that are connected to each
other, with each unit being capable of carrying one O2 molecule. The affinity of Hb to
attach to O2 can be affected by a number of factors, such as the hydrogen ion
concentration (pH), the person's temp, the pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood,
concentration of red cell
differentiate between SaO2 and PaO2 from the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation
curve
the section of the curve that drops away steeply represents minor changes to PaO2, but
fairly significant changes to SaO2. A SaO2 of 57% equates to a PaO2 of 30mmHg. The
section of the curve that plateaus at the top to minor change to SaO2, but fairly
significant change to PaO2
what are the indications for supplementary oxygen?
patients who have hypoxaemia, severe anaemia, blood loss, conditions where there's
inadequate numbers of RBCs or haemoglobin to carry the O2
what are the 2 ways O2 is supplied in healthcare facilities
from wall outlets or by portable oxygen cylinders. Oxygen cylinders are encased in
metal carriers equipped with wheels for transport and a broad flat base on which the
cylinder stands at the bedside to prevent it from falling
discuss the oxygen prescribing responsibilities for a RN
oxygen therapy can be initiated by RNs and shouldn't be withheld if the person is
hypoxic and will benefit from it. The general expecation is that the doctor will specify the
specific concentration, the oxygen delivery device to use and litre flow per min (L/min) in
non-urgent situations. important to apply person-centred care and most facilities will
have a standing order, policy and/ or procedure
explain the considerations for administering O2 to a person with COPD
high dose O2 = hypoventilation and hypercapnia, higher than normal levels of Co2 in
the blood. O2 should NEVER be withheld from people with COPD while they are
hypoxic, close monitoring is required to achieve oxygen sats of between 88% and 92%
to avoid hypoxaemia and reduce the risk of oxygen-induced hypercapnia
how is O2 titrated to meet the needs of individual patients?
nurses must check whether there is a valid and current order for oxygen therapy prior to
administering the medication and to provide continuous or regular monitoring, by pulse
, oximetry or arterial blood gases, so that O2 can be titrated to achieve the desired
saturation level for each individual
describe how you should monitor a patient receiving oxygen therapy
by recording pulse oximetry readings, as well as assessing the person's respiratory rate
and mental state for signs of confusion or altered conscious level
explore the safety precautions and potential hazards associated with oxygen
therapy
- no smoking
- regular checking and calibration of electrical devices
- not using volatile solutions near O2
- O2 by itself will not burn or explode but does facilitate combustion
- the greater the concentration of the O2, the more rapidly fires start and burn, and such
fires are difficult to extinguish
- oxygen is colourless, odourless and tasteless, people are unaware of its presence
differentiate between high and low flow oxygen delivery devices and explain
when you would use each
low-flow devices deliver oxygen via small-bore tubing
- administration devices include nasal prongs and face masks and with these types of
devices, room air is also inhaled along with the supplemental oxygen, meaning that the
total amount of oxygen the person breathes in can change, also known as fraction of
inspired oxygen (FiO2). FiO2 is based on: resp rate, tidal volume and L/min flow.
high-flow devices supply all of the oxygen required during ventilation in precise
amounts, regardless of the person's resps and efforts. these devices used to deliver a
precise and consistent method for controlling the FiO2 is a Venturi mask with large-bore
tubing
standard nasal cannula (nasal prongs) advantages + disadvantages, oxygen
delivery conc
- consists of a tube with short curved prongs that fit into the nostrils, one end of the tube
connects to the oxygen supply
- most inexpensive low-flow device used to administer O2
- easy to apply and doesn't interfere with the person's ability to eat or talk
- comfortable, permits some freedom of movement
- limitations include inability to deliver higher concentrations of O2
- can be very drying and irritating to mucous membranes
- standard nasal cannulas deliver a low conc of O2 (24-44%) at flow rates of 1-6L/min
Nasal high-flow therapy (NHFT) advantages + disadvantages, oxygen delivery
conc
- non-invasive resp support designed to deliver 30-60L/min of a heated, humidified
mixture of air and O2 through specifically designed nasal prongs
- effective in managing hypoxaemic respiratory failure and hypercapnic respiratory
failure
- provides positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP)
- washout of anantomical deadspace and improved O2 delivery making it suitable for
people with respiratory distress from bronchiolitis, pneumonia and HF
- provides better oxygenation for people who are post extubation than a rebreather
