NURS2106 TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A+
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what is a blood transfusion?
- The introduction of whole blood or components of the blood (e.g. plasma or
erythrocytes) into the venous circulation
what are antigens and what can they cause to the body?
The surface of an individual's RBCs contains a number of proteins and these antigens
can cause antibody reactions when in contact with mismatched blood
what happens when blood is mismatched with the person?
destruction (haemolysis) of RBCs
what is Rh factor and what does it mean if blood contains or doesn't contain Rh
factor?
a protein that can be found on the surface of the RBC
- Blood that contains the Rh factor is known as Rh positive (Rh1)
- Blood that doesn't contain the Rh factor is known as Rh negative (Rh2)
Define type and crossmatch
Both blood and recipient are typed and their blood is crossmatched for compatibility
Define autotransfusion
The process of collecting and reinfusing a patient's own blood, rather than using donor
blood
what are the different types of blood products?
- Whole blood,
- packed RBC's,
- platelets
- plasma
-albumin
-clotting factors
- prothrombin
-cryoprecipitate
Which patient signs and symptoms are significant during blood transfusion?
o Fever or chills
o Back or chest pain
o SOB
o Urticaria or rash
o Hypotension or hypertension
o Dark urine
what are other risks of people receiving blood include?
o Circulatory overload
o Electrolyte imbalances
o Infectious diseases such as hepatitis or cytomegalovirus
what are reactions that can occur during transfusions?
, - Febrile or allergic reaction
- Circulatory overload
- Sepsis
what is IV therapy?
infusion of fluids (including blood products) and medications into the patient's blood
stream
Why is IV therapy used?
- Fast onset
- Alternate route unavailable
- Alternate routes unsuitable
what are the types of IV fluids and describe them
Colloids
- large molecules, usually proteins that are too big to cross the membranes --> remain in
intravascular space
Crystalloids
- most common IV fluid therapy
- contains electrolytes/ lacks large proteins and molecules and freely crosses
semipermeable cell membrane
what are the types of solutions?
isotonic
hypertonic
hypotonic
describe hypertonic
- same osmolality as body fluids
- pulls fluid into ECF compartments
10% glucose; albumin
describe hypotonic
- effective osmolality < body fluids
- causes large increase in ICF compartment
describe isotonic
- same osmolality as body fluids
- For extracellular volume replacement
what are the effects of tonicity of RBC for each solution?
A. In isotonic solution
- RBCs retain normal biconcave shape
B. In hypertonic solution
- RBCs lose H2O and shrink
C. In hypotonic solution
- RBCs absorb H2o. may burst (haemolysis)
what are the types of IV administration techniques?
- gravity infusion
- infusion pump/ syringe driver
- IV push (bolus)
- burette
- IV piggyback (secondary infusions)
how to calculate gravity administration?
GRADED .Buy Quality Materials!
what is a blood transfusion?
- The introduction of whole blood or components of the blood (e.g. plasma or
erythrocytes) into the venous circulation
what are antigens and what can they cause to the body?
The surface of an individual's RBCs contains a number of proteins and these antigens
can cause antibody reactions when in contact with mismatched blood
what happens when blood is mismatched with the person?
destruction (haemolysis) of RBCs
what is Rh factor and what does it mean if blood contains or doesn't contain Rh
factor?
a protein that can be found on the surface of the RBC
- Blood that contains the Rh factor is known as Rh positive (Rh1)
- Blood that doesn't contain the Rh factor is known as Rh negative (Rh2)
Define type and crossmatch
Both blood and recipient are typed and their blood is crossmatched for compatibility
Define autotransfusion
The process of collecting and reinfusing a patient's own blood, rather than using donor
blood
what are the different types of blood products?
- Whole blood,
- packed RBC's,
- platelets
- plasma
-albumin
-clotting factors
- prothrombin
-cryoprecipitate
Which patient signs and symptoms are significant during blood transfusion?
o Fever or chills
o Back or chest pain
o SOB
o Urticaria or rash
o Hypotension or hypertension
o Dark urine
what are other risks of people receiving blood include?
o Circulatory overload
o Electrolyte imbalances
o Infectious diseases such as hepatitis or cytomegalovirus
what are reactions that can occur during transfusions?
, - Febrile or allergic reaction
- Circulatory overload
- Sepsis
what is IV therapy?
infusion of fluids (including blood products) and medications into the patient's blood
stream
Why is IV therapy used?
- Fast onset
- Alternate route unavailable
- Alternate routes unsuitable
what are the types of IV fluids and describe them
Colloids
- large molecules, usually proteins that are too big to cross the membranes --> remain in
intravascular space
Crystalloids
- most common IV fluid therapy
- contains electrolytes/ lacks large proteins and molecules and freely crosses
semipermeable cell membrane
what are the types of solutions?
isotonic
hypertonic
hypotonic
describe hypertonic
- same osmolality as body fluids
- pulls fluid into ECF compartments
10% glucose; albumin
describe hypotonic
- effective osmolality < body fluids
- causes large increase in ICF compartment
describe isotonic
- same osmolality as body fluids
- For extracellular volume replacement
what are the effects of tonicity of RBC for each solution?
A. In isotonic solution
- RBCs retain normal biconcave shape
B. In hypertonic solution
- RBCs lose H2O and shrink
C. In hypotonic solution
- RBCs absorb H2o. may burst (haemolysis)
what are the types of IV administration techniques?
- gravity infusion
- infusion pump/ syringe driver
- IV push (bolus)
- burette
- IV piggyback (secondary infusions)
how to calculate gravity administration?
