BIO210 EXAMS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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What are the main structure of the nervous system?
Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerves
What makes up the central nervous system?
The brain and spinal cord.
What makes up the peripheral nervous system?
Nerves
What are the primary function of the nervous system?
Communication, Control, and Integration
Describe communication. (Nervous system function)
Cells in the nervous system send messages to cells in other systems.
Describe control. (Nervous system function)
The nervous system regulates a number of body functions including body temperature.
It is important in maintaining homeostasis.
Describe integration. (Nervous system function)
Allows the body to function as a unit. All body functions work together.
Compare and contrast the nervous and endocrine systems.
Both of their primary function are communication, integration, and control. They are
different in how they communicate, control, and integrate.
What are the two major types of nervous system cells?
Glia and Neurons
What is the definition of glia cells?
They are supporting cells in the nervous system and there are approximately 900 billion.
What are the five types of glia cells?
Astrocytes, Microglia, Ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, and schwann cells.
Describe Astrocytes.
They are the largest, most numerous glia cell. They are star shaped. They help form the
blood-brain barrier which is a protective covering for the brain, composed of brain
capillaries and astrocytes.
What five things are astrocytes responsible for in the brain?
Creates 3D framework for CNS, helps repair damaged neural tissue, helps guide
neuron development, contols fluid that surrounds cells (interstitial environment), provide
blood-brain barrier.
Describe microglia.
It is small glia. They are the phagocytes in brain inflammation.
Describe ependymal cells.
They line the fluid filled spaces in the central nervous system. They help produce fluid
and keep fluid circulation within the spaces.
Describe oligodendrocytes.
They are cells with few branches. They help hold together nerve fibers in the central
nervous system and produce the covering for nerve fibers in the CNS. Many nerve
, fibers in the CNS have one covering: myelin sheath which is formed by
oligodendrocytes.
Describe schwann cells.
They are located only in the PNS. They hold nerve fibers together, produce coverings
for many nerve fibers, and cover and support neuron cell bodies in the PNS. Many
nerve fibers in the PNS have two coverings: myelin sheath and neurilemma. The myelin
sheath is the schwann cells plasma membrane and the neurilemma is schwann cells
cytoplasm and nucleus.
Definition of neurons.
Nerve cells than conduct nerve impulses. There are approximately 100 billion in the
body.
What are the structures of a neuron?
Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and cytoskeleton (neurofibrils).
Neurofibrils: Microscopic threadlike fibers that extend lengthwise through the neuron.
Used for rapid transport of molecules from one end of the neuron to the other.
What are the major parts of a neuron?
Cell body, processes, and coverings.
Describe the cell body of a neuron.
It is the largest part of neuron, contain a nucleus, contains typical organelles, contains
nissl bodies (rough ER of neurons, protein synthesis).
Describe the processes of a neuron.
They are threadlike extensions from the cell body. There are two types: dendrites and
axons.
Describe dendrites.
There are one or more per neuron and conduct nerve impulses towards the cell body.
Describe axon.
There is one per neuron that conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body. They
consist of axon collaterals (side branches) and telodendria and synaptic knobs (terminal
branches and bulges).
Describe the different coverings for neurons.
One covering: Myelin Sheath
Two coverings: Myelin sheath and neurilemma
No coverings: Unmyelinated nerve fibers
Describe one covering neurons
Axons of neurons in the central nervous system have one covering: myelin sheath
formed by oligodendrocytes. Known at white myelinated nerve fibers.
Describe two covering neurons
Many axons of neurons in peripheral nervous system have two coverings: myelin
sheath and neurilemma, formed by schwann cells. Also known as white myelinated
nerve fibers.
Describe neurons with no coverings.
Some axons of neurons in the peripheral nervous system have no coverings. The axons
are embedded in schwann cells rather than schwann cells wrapping around the axons.
Known as gray unmyelinated nerve fibers.
How does neurilemma function in repair of neurons?
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What are the main structure of the nervous system?
Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerves
What makes up the central nervous system?
The brain and spinal cord.
What makes up the peripheral nervous system?
Nerves
What are the primary function of the nervous system?
Communication, Control, and Integration
Describe communication. (Nervous system function)
Cells in the nervous system send messages to cells in other systems.
Describe control. (Nervous system function)
The nervous system regulates a number of body functions including body temperature.
It is important in maintaining homeostasis.
Describe integration. (Nervous system function)
Allows the body to function as a unit. All body functions work together.
Compare and contrast the nervous and endocrine systems.
Both of their primary function are communication, integration, and control. They are
different in how they communicate, control, and integrate.
What are the two major types of nervous system cells?
Glia and Neurons
What is the definition of glia cells?
They are supporting cells in the nervous system and there are approximately 900 billion.
What are the five types of glia cells?
Astrocytes, Microglia, Ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, and schwann cells.
Describe Astrocytes.
They are the largest, most numerous glia cell. They are star shaped. They help form the
blood-brain barrier which is a protective covering for the brain, composed of brain
capillaries and astrocytes.
What five things are astrocytes responsible for in the brain?
Creates 3D framework for CNS, helps repair damaged neural tissue, helps guide
neuron development, contols fluid that surrounds cells (interstitial environment), provide
blood-brain barrier.
Describe microglia.
It is small glia. They are the phagocytes in brain inflammation.
Describe ependymal cells.
They line the fluid filled spaces in the central nervous system. They help produce fluid
and keep fluid circulation within the spaces.
Describe oligodendrocytes.
They are cells with few branches. They help hold together nerve fibers in the central
nervous system and produce the covering for nerve fibers in the CNS. Many nerve
, fibers in the CNS have one covering: myelin sheath which is formed by
oligodendrocytes.
Describe schwann cells.
They are located only in the PNS. They hold nerve fibers together, produce coverings
for many nerve fibers, and cover and support neuron cell bodies in the PNS. Many
nerve fibers in the PNS have two coverings: myelin sheath and neurilemma. The myelin
sheath is the schwann cells plasma membrane and the neurilemma is schwann cells
cytoplasm and nucleus.
Definition of neurons.
Nerve cells than conduct nerve impulses. There are approximately 100 billion in the
body.
What are the structures of a neuron?
Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and cytoskeleton (neurofibrils).
Neurofibrils: Microscopic threadlike fibers that extend lengthwise through the neuron.
Used for rapid transport of molecules from one end of the neuron to the other.
What are the major parts of a neuron?
Cell body, processes, and coverings.
Describe the cell body of a neuron.
It is the largest part of neuron, contain a nucleus, contains typical organelles, contains
nissl bodies (rough ER of neurons, protein synthesis).
Describe the processes of a neuron.
They are threadlike extensions from the cell body. There are two types: dendrites and
axons.
Describe dendrites.
There are one or more per neuron and conduct nerve impulses towards the cell body.
Describe axon.
There is one per neuron that conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body. They
consist of axon collaterals (side branches) and telodendria and synaptic knobs (terminal
branches and bulges).
Describe the different coverings for neurons.
One covering: Myelin Sheath
Two coverings: Myelin sheath and neurilemma
No coverings: Unmyelinated nerve fibers
Describe one covering neurons
Axons of neurons in the central nervous system have one covering: myelin sheath
formed by oligodendrocytes. Known at white myelinated nerve fibers.
Describe two covering neurons
Many axons of neurons in peripheral nervous system have two coverings: myelin
sheath and neurilemma, formed by schwann cells. Also known as white myelinated
nerve fibers.
Describe neurons with no coverings.
Some axons of neurons in the peripheral nervous system have no coverings. The axons
are embedded in schwann cells rather than schwann cells wrapping around the axons.
Known as gray unmyelinated nerve fibers.
How does neurilemma function in repair of neurons?
