BIO210 EXAMS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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organ
A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body
fascicles
bundles of muscle fibers
muscle fibers
long, slender cells that make up muscles
epimysium
a sheath of fibrous elastic tissue surrounding a skeletal muscle
perimysium
The connective tissue that surrounds fascicles
endomysium
Connective tissue surrounding individual muscle fibersThe connective
tendon
Connects muscle to bone
aponeurosis
strong sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach muscles to bone
deep fascia
dense irregular connective tissue external to the epimysium that separates individual
muscles and binds muscles with similar functions
superficial fascia
areolar connective tissue that underlies the skin and attaches it to the superficial layer of
muscles
sarcoplasm
cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
sarcolemma
plasma membrane of a muscle fiber
T-tubules (transverse tubules)
deep invaginations of the sarcolemma that extend into the skeletal muscle fiber as a
network of narrow membranous tubules to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
myofibrils
composed of myofilaments, extending the length of the muscle in groups of hundreds to
thousands to form a single muscle fiber
sarcoplasmic reticulum
specialized endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells that is a membrane around myofibrils
and contains the terminal cisternae holding calcium ions at each end
terminal cisternae
enlarged areas of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that surround the T tubule and store
calcium ions
triad
two terminal cisternae and one T tubule
myofilaments
, The contractile proteins, actin and myosin, of muscle cells
thick filaments
composed of 200-500 myosin protein molecules
myosin
The contractile protein that makes up the thick filaments of muscle fibers
thin filaments
thin double strands of actin with troponin and tropomyosin protein structures featuring
myosin binding sites
actin
A globular protein that links into filamentous chains, two of which twist helically about
each other, forming microfilaments in muscle
tropomyosin
thin string-like protein that covers myosin binding sites on actin
troponin
a globular protein complex involved in muscle contraction. It occurs with tropomyosin in
the thin filaments of muscle tissue.
sarcomeres
contractile units within myofibrils, the smallest contractile unit of a muscle
Z discs
narrow, plate-shaped regions of dense material that separate one sarcomere from the
next
I bands
visually light bands of that contain only thin filaments and connectin that disappear
parallel to thick filaments in maximal muscle shortening
A band
visually dark area containing thick and thin filaments that extends the length of the thick
filaments (myosin) and does not change length during muscle contraction.
H zone
The region at the center of an A band of a sarcomere that is made up of myosin only.
The H zone gets shorter (and may disappear) during muscle contraction.
M line
a line of supporting proteins that hold the thick filaments together in the H zone
connectin
Extends from Z disc to M line to
stabilize thick filaments and has spring-like properties (passive tension)
dystrophin
links the thin filaments to the integral proteins of the sarcolemma
muscular dystrophy
group of inherited diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of
muscle fibers without involvement of the nervous system
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele; characterized by
progressive weakening and a loss of muscle tissue.
Myoglobin
An oxygen-storing, pigmented protein unique in muscle cells.
glycogen
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organ
A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body
fascicles
bundles of muscle fibers
muscle fibers
long, slender cells that make up muscles
epimysium
a sheath of fibrous elastic tissue surrounding a skeletal muscle
perimysium
The connective tissue that surrounds fascicles
endomysium
Connective tissue surrounding individual muscle fibersThe connective
tendon
Connects muscle to bone
aponeurosis
strong sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach muscles to bone
deep fascia
dense irregular connective tissue external to the epimysium that separates individual
muscles and binds muscles with similar functions
superficial fascia
areolar connective tissue that underlies the skin and attaches it to the superficial layer of
muscles
sarcoplasm
cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
sarcolemma
plasma membrane of a muscle fiber
T-tubules (transverse tubules)
deep invaginations of the sarcolemma that extend into the skeletal muscle fiber as a
network of narrow membranous tubules to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
myofibrils
composed of myofilaments, extending the length of the muscle in groups of hundreds to
thousands to form a single muscle fiber
sarcoplasmic reticulum
specialized endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells that is a membrane around myofibrils
and contains the terminal cisternae holding calcium ions at each end
terminal cisternae
enlarged areas of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that surround the T tubule and store
calcium ions
triad
two terminal cisternae and one T tubule
myofilaments
, The contractile proteins, actin and myosin, of muscle cells
thick filaments
composed of 200-500 myosin protein molecules
myosin
The contractile protein that makes up the thick filaments of muscle fibers
thin filaments
thin double strands of actin with troponin and tropomyosin protein structures featuring
myosin binding sites
actin
A globular protein that links into filamentous chains, two of which twist helically about
each other, forming microfilaments in muscle
tropomyosin
thin string-like protein that covers myosin binding sites on actin
troponin
a globular protein complex involved in muscle contraction. It occurs with tropomyosin in
the thin filaments of muscle tissue.
sarcomeres
contractile units within myofibrils, the smallest contractile unit of a muscle
Z discs
narrow, plate-shaped regions of dense material that separate one sarcomere from the
next
I bands
visually light bands of that contain only thin filaments and connectin that disappear
parallel to thick filaments in maximal muscle shortening
A band
visually dark area containing thick and thin filaments that extends the length of the thick
filaments (myosin) and does not change length during muscle contraction.
H zone
The region at the center of an A band of a sarcomere that is made up of myosin only.
The H zone gets shorter (and may disappear) during muscle contraction.
M line
a line of supporting proteins that hold the thick filaments together in the H zone
connectin
Extends from Z disc to M line to
stabilize thick filaments and has spring-like properties (passive tension)
dystrophin
links the thin filaments to the integral proteins of the sarcolemma
muscular dystrophy
group of inherited diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of
muscle fibers without involvement of the nervous system
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele; characterized by
progressive weakening and a loss of muscle tissue.
Myoglobin
An oxygen-storing, pigmented protein unique in muscle cells.
glycogen
