NSG 3500 LABOR AND DELIVERY QUESTIONSAND ANSWERS
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The process of labor and birth
Powers (physiological forces, primary [contractions] secondary [maternal pushing])
Passagway
Passenger
Passageway + Passenger
Psychosocial influences
Frequency of contractions
beginning of one contraction to the beginning of the next
Duration of contraction
The length of a contraction, measured from the beginning to its completion
Tocodynamometer
An external instrument for measuring the force of uterine contractions using a pressure
sensitive device that is applied against the uterine fundus.
Intrauterine Pressure Catheter (IUPC)
A catheter that can be placed through the cervix into the uterus to measure uterine
pressure during labor. Some types of catheters may be inserted for the purpose of
infusing warmed saline to add additional intrauterine fluid when oligohydramnios (not
enough amniotic fluid) is present.
According to the IUPC, the normal resting tone of the uterus.
Between 10 to 12 mm Hg
According to the IUPC, the acme of the contraction during early labor.
From 25 to 40 mm Hg
According to the IUPC, the acme of the contraction during active labor
From 50 to 70 mm Hg
According to the IUPC, the acme of the contraction during the transition phase of
labor
From 70 to 90 mm Hg
According to the IUPC, the acme of the contraction during the pushing phase of
the second stage of labor
From 70 to 100 mm Hg
Parts of a contraction
increment, acme, decrement
True labor contractions
Stronger, last longer, more frequent, felt in lower back radiating to abdomen,doesn't
decrease with comfort measures, walking can increase intensity, cervix shows
progressive change
False labor contractions
Decrease in frequency, duration, and intensity, often painless, irregular frequency, felt in
lower back or abdomen above umbilicus, often stop with sleep or comfort measures, no
cervical change with these contractions
fetal lie
, relationship of the long axis of the fetus to the long axis of the mother
Fetal lie: longitudinal
The head to tailbone axis of the fetus is the same as the mother's
fetal lie: transverse
The head to tailbone axis of the fetus is at a 90-degree angle of the mother
Fetal lie
Oblique
the unstable line is diagonal and most change themselves to a longitudinal lie or
transverse lie if transverse can't be born vaginally
fetal attitude
relationship of fetal body parts to one another
Fetal attitude: vertex
Flexion The fetal head is flexed so that the chin touches the chest., the arms are flexed
and folded across the chest, the thighs are flexed on the abdomen, and the calves are
flexed against the posterior aspects of the thighs.
Fetal attitude: moderate flexion
Military position
Fetal attitude: Extension of the chin
Brow or mentum presentation
Fetal presentation
the fetal part that enters the pelvic inlet first and leads through the birth canal during
labor
Fetal presentation :Cephalic
Identifies that the fetal head will be first to come into contact with the maternal cervix
Fetal presentation: breech
Fetal buttocks enter the maternal pelvis first.
Frank breech presentation
buttocks present, fetal hips are flexed and knees are extended. Fetal feet are up by the
head.
Complete breech presentation
Buttocks present first, fetal hips and knees are flexed, lower legs crossed
Footling breech
Extension of one or both thighs and legs so that one or both feet are presenting at the
cervix.
Shoulder presentation
long axis of baby's body is across the long axis of the mother's body; shoulder is
presented at the cervical opening
Engagement (fetal presentation)
point at which the widest diameter (biparietal diameter) of fetus has passed through inlet
of maternal pelvis, usually before term, determined by vaginal exam, primigravida (2
weeks before estimated due date), multigravida (can be weeks before estimated due
date)
Fetal station
Location of the presenting part in relation to the midpelvis or ischial spines; expressed
as cm above or below the spines; station 0 is engaged, station -2 is 2 cm above the
ischial spines, station +2 is 2 cm below the ischial spines
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The process of labor and birth
Powers (physiological forces, primary [contractions] secondary [maternal pushing])
Passagway
Passenger
Passageway + Passenger
Psychosocial influences
Frequency of contractions
beginning of one contraction to the beginning of the next
Duration of contraction
The length of a contraction, measured from the beginning to its completion
Tocodynamometer
An external instrument for measuring the force of uterine contractions using a pressure
sensitive device that is applied against the uterine fundus.
Intrauterine Pressure Catheter (IUPC)
A catheter that can be placed through the cervix into the uterus to measure uterine
pressure during labor. Some types of catheters may be inserted for the purpose of
infusing warmed saline to add additional intrauterine fluid when oligohydramnios (not
enough amniotic fluid) is present.
According to the IUPC, the normal resting tone of the uterus.
Between 10 to 12 mm Hg
According to the IUPC, the acme of the contraction during early labor.
From 25 to 40 mm Hg
According to the IUPC, the acme of the contraction during active labor
From 50 to 70 mm Hg
According to the IUPC, the acme of the contraction during the transition phase of
labor
From 70 to 90 mm Hg
According to the IUPC, the acme of the contraction during the pushing phase of
the second stage of labor
From 70 to 100 mm Hg
Parts of a contraction
increment, acme, decrement
True labor contractions
Stronger, last longer, more frequent, felt in lower back radiating to abdomen,doesn't
decrease with comfort measures, walking can increase intensity, cervix shows
progressive change
False labor contractions
Decrease in frequency, duration, and intensity, often painless, irregular frequency, felt in
lower back or abdomen above umbilicus, often stop with sleep or comfort measures, no
cervical change with these contractions
fetal lie
, relationship of the long axis of the fetus to the long axis of the mother
Fetal lie: longitudinal
The head to tailbone axis of the fetus is the same as the mother's
fetal lie: transverse
The head to tailbone axis of the fetus is at a 90-degree angle of the mother
Fetal lie
Oblique
the unstable line is diagonal and most change themselves to a longitudinal lie or
transverse lie if transverse can't be born vaginally
fetal attitude
relationship of fetal body parts to one another
Fetal attitude: vertex
Flexion The fetal head is flexed so that the chin touches the chest., the arms are flexed
and folded across the chest, the thighs are flexed on the abdomen, and the calves are
flexed against the posterior aspects of the thighs.
Fetal attitude: moderate flexion
Military position
Fetal attitude: Extension of the chin
Brow or mentum presentation
Fetal presentation
the fetal part that enters the pelvic inlet first and leads through the birth canal during
labor
Fetal presentation :Cephalic
Identifies that the fetal head will be first to come into contact with the maternal cervix
Fetal presentation: breech
Fetal buttocks enter the maternal pelvis first.
Frank breech presentation
buttocks present, fetal hips are flexed and knees are extended. Fetal feet are up by the
head.
Complete breech presentation
Buttocks present first, fetal hips and knees are flexed, lower legs crossed
Footling breech
Extension of one or both thighs and legs so that one or both feet are presenting at the
cervix.
Shoulder presentation
long axis of baby's body is across the long axis of the mother's body; shoulder is
presented at the cervical opening
Engagement (fetal presentation)
point at which the widest diameter (biparietal diameter) of fetus has passed through inlet
of maternal pelvis, usually before term, determined by vaginal exam, primigravida (2
weeks before estimated due date), multigravida (can be weeks before estimated due
date)
Fetal station
Location of the presenting part in relation to the midpelvis or ischial spines; expressed
as cm above or below the spines; station 0 is engaged, station -2 is 2 cm above the
ischial spines, station +2 is 2 cm below the ischial spines
