NURS 3500 - MUSCULOSKELETAL TEST QUESTIONSAND
ANSWERS A+ GRADED.Buy Quality Materials!
Cortical Bone
- Type of bone made up of cylindric structural units, osteons
- Osteons fit tightly together, dense bone
Cancellous Bone
- Type of spongy bone filled w/ tissue w/ red or yellow marrow
- Blood reaches bone cells by passing through the space in the marrow
Osteons
Fundamental functional unit of compact bone
Epiphysis
- Widened around at the ends of long bones, made mostly of cancellous bone
- Width allows for greater weight distribution and provides stability to joint
- Location for muscle attachment
- Articular cartilage covers the ends to provide a smooth surface for joint movement
Bone Function
- Support (Keeps body from collapsing on self)
- Protection of underlying organs
- Voluntary movement
- Blood cell production
- Mineral storage (Calcium and phosphorus)
- Point of attachment for muscles, connected w/ tendons
- Act as "levers', movement occurs via muscle contractions applied to these levers
- Examples: skull protects brain, vertebrae surrounds the spinal cord, and the ribcage
surrounds the heart and lungs
Osteoblasts
- Synthesize organic bone collagen and are the basic "bone forming" cells
- Lays down new bone material
Osteoclasts
- Provide bone remodelling by assisting in the breakdown of bone tissue
- Breaks down bones for reabsorption
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells
Diaphysis
- Main shaft of long bone
- Provides structural support and is composed of compact bone
- Tubular structure allows it to withstand bending and twisting
Metaphysis
- Flared portion between the epiphysis and the diaphysis and is composed of cancellous
bone
Epiphyseal Plate
- "Growth zone"
- Cartilage area between epiphysis and metaphysis
- Actively produces bone to allow for growth in children
,- Injury in childhood can cause short limbs and functional problems
- In adulthood the plate hardens to mature bone and the metaphysis and the epiphysis
become joined
Periosteum
- Composed of fibrous connective tissue and covers the bone except for the ends
- Tiny blood vessels provide nutrition to the underlying bone
- Outer layer is attached to musculotendinous fibers
- Inner layer is attached to bone by bundles of collagen
How many bones in the human skeleton?
a. 302
b. 206
c. 113
d. 172
b. 206 bones in the human skeleton
Long Bones
- Contain diaphysis and 2 epiphysis
- Femur, humerus and tibia
Small Bones
- Composed of cancellous bone and covered by a thin layer of compact bone
- Carpals in the hand and tarsals in the feet
Flat Bones
- 2 layers of compact bone separated by layer of cancellous bone
- Space in cancellous bone contains bone marrow
- Ribs, skull, scapula, and sternum
Irregular Bones
- Remaining bones of varying shapes and sizes
- Sacrum, mandible, and ear ossicle
Function of Cartilage
- Protects underlying tissues
- Nourishment received through diffusion from the synovial fluid
- Lack of direct blood supply contributes to slow metabolism of cartilage cells and
causes slow repair/healing
Bursae
- Small sacs of connective tissue lined w/ synovial membrances and contains viscous
synovial fluid
- Located typically at bony prominences or joints to relieve pressure and decrease
friction
Bursitis
- Inflammation of bursae caused by repeated or excessive trauma or friction, gout,
rheumatoid arthritis and infection
- Commonly occurs in hands, knees, great trochanter of the hip, shoulders and elbows
- Improper body mechanics, repetitive kneeling, jogging in worn out shoes, and
prolonged sitting with crossed legs are aggravating factors
Signs & Symptoms of Bursitis
, - Warmth
- Swelling
- Pain
- Limited ROM
Treatment of Bursitis
- Rest is often the only treatment needed
- Immobilize affected part in compression dressing or splint
- Ice and NSAIDs for pain management and inflammation
- Aspiration of bursal fluid and intra-articular injection of corticosteroids may be
necessary
- If the bursal wall becomes thickened and interferes w/ joint movement a bursectomy is
done
- Septic bursitis usually requires surgical incision and drainage
Tendinitis
- Inflammation/irritation of a tendon
- Commonly found in shoulders, elbows, wrists, knees, and heels
- If severe tendon may rupture
Signs & Symptoms of Tendinitis
- Pain/Dull aching
- Tenderness
- Mild swelling
- Weakness
Causes of Tendinitis
- Can be caused by sudden injury
- Most commonly from repetitive tasks
Diagnostics for Tendinitis
- Physical exam of inflamed joints
- X-rays and other imaging tests can be ordered by doctor
Treatment of Tendinitis
- NSAIDs to relieve inflammation and pain (Naproxen sodium (Aleeve), ibuprofen (Advil,
Motrin))
- Corticosteroid injections to relieve inflammation (Prednisone)
- Platelet rich plasma has shown to be beneficial for chronic tendinitis irritation (Spin
own blood to separate platelets and healing properties
- Regular ROM exercises to strengthen and maintain joint function
- Focused Aspiration of Scar Tissue (FAST) procedure to remove scar tissue
Fracture Healing: Fracture Hematoma
- After fracture occurs bleeding creates a hematoma which surrounds the ends of the
fragments
- Changes from liquid to semisolid clot within initial 72 hours after surgery
Fracture Healing: Granulation tissue
- Active phagocytosis absorbs products of local necrosis
- Hematoma converts granulation tissue containing new blood vessels, fibroblasts and
osteoblasts
- New tissue produces the basis for new bone substance called osteoid during days 3-
14 of injury
ANSWERS A+ GRADED.Buy Quality Materials!
Cortical Bone
- Type of bone made up of cylindric structural units, osteons
- Osteons fit tightly together, dense bone
Cancellous Bone
- Type of spongy bone filled w/ tissue w/ red or yellow marrow
- Blood reaches bone cells by passing through the space in the marrow
Osteons
Fundamental functional unit of compact bone
Epiphysis
- Widened around at the ends of long bones, made mostly of cancellous bone
- Width allows for greater weight distribution and provides stability to joint
- Location for muscle attachment
- Articular cartilage covers the ends to provide a smooth surface for joint movement
Bone Function
- Support (Keeps body from collapsing on self)
- Protection of underlying organs
- Voluntary movement
- Blood cell production
- Mineral storage (Calcium and phosphorus)
- Point of attachment for muscles, connected w/ tendons
- Act as "levers', movement occurs via muscle contractions applied to these levers
- Examples: skull protects brain, vertebrae surrounds the spinal cord, and the ribcage
surrounds the heart and lungs
Osteoblasts
- Synthesize organic bone collagen and are the basic "bone forming" cells
- Lays down new bone material
Osteoclasts
- Provide bone remodelling by assisting in the breakdown of bone tissue
- Breaks down bones for reabsorption
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells
Diaphysis
- Main shaft of long bone
- Provides structural support and is composed of compact bone
- Tubular structure allows it to withstand bending and twisting
Metaphysis
- Flared portion between the epiphysis and the diaphysis and is composed of cancellous
bone
Epiphyseal Plate
- "Growth zone"
- Cartilage area between epiphysis and metaphysis
- Actively produces bone to allow for growth in children
,- Injury in childhood can cause short limbs and functional problems
- In adulthood the plate hardens to mature bone and the metaphysis and the epiphysis
become joined
Periosteum
- Composed of fibrous connective tissue and covers the bone except for the ends
- Tiny blood vessels provide nutrition to the underlying bone
- Outer layer is attached to musculotendinous fibers
- Inner layer is attached to bone by bundles of collagen
How many bones in the human skeleton?
a. 302
b. 206
c. 113
d. 172
b. 206 bones in the human skeleton
Long Bones
- Contain diaphysis and 2 epiphysis
- Femur, humerus and tibia
Small Bones
- Composed of cancellous bone and covered by a thin layer of compact bone
- Carpals in the hand and tarsals in the feet
Flat Bones
- 2 layers of compact bone separated by layer of cancellous bone
- Space in cancellous bone contains bone marrow
- Ribs, skull, scapula, and sternum
Irregular Bones
- Remaining bones of varying shapes and sizes
- Sacrum, mandible, and ear ossicle
Function of Cartilage
- Protects underlying tissues
- Nourishment received through diffusion from the synovial fluid
- Lack of direct blood supply contributes to slow metabolism of cartilage cells and
causes slow repair/healing
Bursae
- Small sacs of connective tissue lined w/ synovial membrances and contains viscous
synovial fluid
- Located typically at bony prominences or joints to relieve pressure and decrease
friction
Bursitis
- Inflammation of bursae caused by repeated or excessive trauma or friction, gout,
rheumatoid arthritis and infection
- Commonly occurs in hands, knees, great trochanter of the hip, shoulders and elbows
- Improper body mechanics, repetitive kneeling, jogging in worn out shoes, and
prolonged sitting with crossed legs are aggravating factors
Signs & Symptoms of Bursitis
, - Warmth
- Swelling
- Pain
- Limited ROM
Treatment of Bursitis
- Rest is often the only treatment needed
- Immobilize affected part in compression dressing or splint
- Ice and NSAIDs for pain management and inflammation
- Aspiration of bursal fluid and intra-articular injection of corticosteroids may be
necessary
- If the bursal wall becomes thickened and interferes w/ joint movement a bursectomy is
done
- Septic bursitis usually requires surgical incision and drainage
Tendinitis
- Inflammation/irritation of a tendon
- Commonly found in shoulders, elbows, wrists, knees, and heels
- If severe tendon may rupture
Signs & Symptoms of Tendinitis
- Pain/Dull aching
- Tenderness
- Mild swelling
- Weakness
Causes of Tendinitis
- Can be caused by sudden injury
- Most commonly from repetitive tasks
Diagnostics for Tendinitis
- Physical exam of inflamed joints
- X-rays and other imaging tests can be ordered by doctor
Treatment of Tendinitis
- NSAIDs to relieve inflammation and pain (Naproxen sodium (Aleeve), ibuprofen (Advil,
Motrin))
- Corticosteroid injections to relieve inflammation (Prednisone)
- Platelet rich plasma has shown to be beneficial for chronic tendinitis irritation (Spin
own blood to separate platelets and healing properties
- Regular ROM exercises to strengthen and maintain joint function
- Focused Aspiration of Scar Tissue (FAST) procedure to remove scar tissue
Fracture Healing: Fracture Hematoma
- After fracture occurs bleeding creates a hematoma which surrounds the ends of the
fragments
- Changes from liquid to semisolid clot within initial 72 hours after surgery
Fracture Healing: Granulation tissue
- Active phagocytosis absorbs products of local necrosis
- Hematoma converts granulation tissue containing new blood vessels, fibroblasts and
osteoblasts
- New tissue produces the basis for new bone substance called osteoid during days 3-
14 of injury
