PNB 2265 Blood Exam Questions
with 100% Correct Answers
What are the characteristics of basophils? - Abundance: <1%
Not phagocytic, migrate to the site of an injury to release histamine and heparin
What are the characteristics of eosinophils? - Abundance: 2-4%
Very mobile "first responders", phagocytic, Defend against parasitic worms, remove
larger particles/pathogens by exocytosis of chemicals, regulate inflammation
What are the characteristics of monocytes? - Abundance: 2-8%
Largest in size, Become macrophages which are aggressively phagocytic, migrate to
the site of injury and attract other phagocytes and fibroblasts
What are the characteristics of lymphocytes? - Abundance: 20-30%
Subtypes:
T cell- Specific immune
B cell- release antibodies
NK cell- surveillance
What are the characteristics of megakaryocytes? - Do not circulate, remain in bone
marrow, produce platelets which do circulate in the blood stream
What signals is responsible for directing a hemocytoblast into a leukocyte? - Colony
stimulating factors (CSF)
What is the pH of blood? What makes it this pH? - 7.4 (neutral). It is buffered because
CO2 from tissues and bicarbonate from the kidneys are dissolved in blood.
How much blood is typically found in an adult human male/female at a given time? What
percentage of body weight does this account for? - Men: 5-6 L
Women: 4-5 L
7% of body weight
What does a complete blood count measure? - -RBC: number, size, and hemoglobin
content
-WBC: number and types
-Platelets: number
Why is being stackable, foldable, and flexible an advantage of bioconcavity in RBCs? -
It allows RBCs to travel through narrow vasculature easily.
, What are the typical hemoglobin values in adult men and in women? - Men: 13-18 g/dL
Women: 12-16 g/dL
What is cooperativity? - When O2 binds to one heme group, it tugs on amino acids
nearby, causing the hemoglobin to change shape and twist. This makes binding sites on
other hemes more accessible. Thus, oxygen binding at one heme site on a hemoglobin
molecule increases affinity for others.
What are the three forms of hemoglobin? - -Oxyhemoglobin: bound to O2
-Deoxyhemoglobin: not bound to O2
-Carbaminohemoglobin: bound to CO2
What is unique about fetal hemoglobin? - It has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult
hemoglobin does because in utero, the fetus does not breathe in oxygen. It instead gets
oxygen from the blood in the mother. It does not have beta chains, but rather alpha and
gamma chains.
Explain the Bohr effect. - When hemoglobin binds to carbon dioxide, that favors the
release of oxygen
Explain the Haldane effect. - Deoxygenated blood hemoglobin has a higher affinity for
CO2 and protons than in oxygenated blood. In other words, binding CO2 promotes
more binding of CO2.
What are three things that may cause a low number of RBCs? - -Hemorrhage: blood
loss so less RBCs in circulation
-Pernicious: B12 deficiency which prevents maturation of RBCs
-Aplastic: Disorder of red bone marrow
What most likely causes low hematocrit and low plasma levels? - They have anemia
because of a hemorrhage
What most likely causes low hematocrit but normal plasma levels? - They have anemia
because of a low number of RBCs
What most likely causes low hematocrit but high plasma levels? - Volume overload: non
anemic low Hct
What is macrocytic anemia and what is it usually caused by? - Very large RBCs with
very spongy texture and a lack of a biconcave shape. Caused by a B12 deficiency.
What is microcytic anemia and what is it usually caused by? - Very small RBCs caused
by iron deficiency- hemoglobin disorder
with 100% Correct Answers
What are the characteristics of basophils? - Abundance: <1%
Not phagocytic, migrate to the site of an injury to release histamine and heparin
What are the characteristics of eosinophils? - Abundance: 2-4%
Very mobile "first responders", phagocytic, Defend against parasitic worms, remove
larger particles/pathogens by exocytosis of chemicals, regulate inflammation
What are the characteristics of monocytes? - Abundance: 2-8%
Largest in size, Become macrophages which are aggressively phagocytic, migrate to
the site of injury and attract other phagocytes and fibroblasts
What are the characteristics of lymphocytes? - Abundance: 20-30%
Subtypes:
T cell- Specific immune
B cell- release antibodies
NK cell- surveillance
What are the characteristics of megakaryocytes? - Do not circulate, remain in bone
marrow, produce platelets which do circulate in the blood stream
What signals is responsible for directing a hemocytoblast into a leukocyte? - Colony
stimulating factors (CSF)
What is the pH of blood? What makes it this pH? - 7.4 (neutral). It is buffered because
CO2 from tissues and bicarbonate from the kidneys are dissolved in blood.
How much blood is typically found in an adult human male/female at a given time? What
percentage of body weight does this account for? - Men: 5-6 L
Women: 4-5 L
7% of body weight
What does a complete blood count measure? - -RBC: number, size, and hemoglobin
content
-WBC: number and types
-Platelets: number
Why is being stackable, foldable, and flexible an advantage of bioconcavity in RBCs? -
It allows RBCs to travel through narrow vasculature easily.
, What are the typical hemoglobin values in adult men and in women? - Men: 13-18 g/dL
Women: 12-16 g/dL
What is cooperativity? - When O2 binds to one heme group, it tugs on amino acids
nearby, causing the hemoglobin to change shape and twist. This makes binding sites on
other hemes more accessible. Thus, oxygen binding at one heme site on a hemoglobin
molecule increases affinity for others.
What are the three forms of hemoglobin? - -Oxyhemoglobin: bound to O2
-Deoxyhemoglobin: not bound to O2
-Carbaminohemoglobin: bound to CO2
What is unique about fetal hemoglobin? - It has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult
hemoglobin does because in utero, the fetus does not breathe in oxygen. It instead gets
oxygen from the blood in the mother. It does not have beta chains, but rather alpha and
gamma chains.
Explain the Bohr effect. - When hemoglobin binds to carbon dioxide, that favors the
release of oxygen
Explain the Haldane effect. - Deoxygenated blood hemoglobin has a higher affinity for
CO2 and protons than in oxygenated blood. In other words, binding CO2 promotes
more binding of CO2.
What are three things that may cause a low number of RBCs? - -Hemorrhage: blood
loss so less RBCs in circulation
-Pernicious: B12 deficiency which prevents maturation of RBCs
-Aplastic: Disorder of red bone marrow
What most likely causes low hematocrit and low plasma levels? - They have anemia
because of a hemorrhage
What most likely causes low hematocrit but normal plasma levels? - They have anemia
because of a low number of RBCs
What most likely causes low hematocrit but high plasma levels? - Volume overload: non
anemic low Hct
What is macrocytic anemia and what is it usually caused by? - Very large RBCs with
very spongy texture and a lack of a biconcave shape. Caused by a B12 deficiency.
What is microcytic anemia and what is it usually caused by? - Very small RBCs caused
by iron deficiency- hemoglobin disorder
