SPCE 630 Final Exams (Latest 2024/ 2025 Updates
STUDY BUNDLE PACKAGE) 100% Correct Questions and
Verified Answers| Grade A
What are the 3 indicators of "trustworthy" measurement? - ANSWERValidity,
accuracy, and reliability.
Describe validity in terms of one of the 3 indicators of "trustworthy" measurement.
What does it measure? - ANSWERRequires 3 equally important elements: (a)
measuring directly a socially significant target behavior, (b) measuring a dimension
of the target behavior relevant to the question or concern about the behavior and (c)
ensuring that the data are representative of the behavior's occurrence under
conditions and during times that are most relevant to the question or concern about
the behavior.
Describe accuracy in terms of one of the 3 indicators of "trustworthy" measurement.
What does it measure? - ANSWERRefers to the extent to which the observed value
matches the true state or true value of the event as it exists in nature. It must be
determined if there is a measurement bias.
Describe reliability in terms of one of the 3 indicators of "trustworthy"
measurement. What does it measure? - ANSWERWhen measuring a procedure yields
the same outcome each time. It measures consistency of data collection.
How do we ensure our data are valid, accurate, and reliable? - ANSWERResearchers
and practitioners who asses the accuracy of their data can (a) determine early in an
analysis whether the data re usable for making experimental or treatment decisions,
(b) discover and correct measurement errors, (c) detect consistent patterns of
measurement error that can lead to the overall improvement or calibration of the
measurement system, and (d) communicate to others the relative trustworthiness of
the data.
What are some procedures that provide direct and indirect measurement? -
ANSWERDirect observation is an example of direct measurement and questionnaires
filled out by parents is an example of indirect measurement.
Describe the difference between continuous recording and sampling recording. Give
examples of each, and advantages and disadvantages. How do we do each type of
recording? 106-107 - ANSWERContinuous recording is considered the gold standard
in applied behavior analysis as it continuously records behaviors in a session.
sampling recording differs as data is recorded in samples or increments that have
been predetermined. Sample recording may be utilized when an observer is
collecting data for multiple students at one time.
,Name the three threats to measurement accuracy and reliability. - ANSWERHuman
error is the biggest threat to measurement accuracy and reliability. Factors that
contribute to human measurement error include poorly designed measurement
systems, inadequate observer training and expectations about what the data should
look like.
poorly designed measurement systems - ANSWERAn example would be an
unnecessarily cumbersome and difficult to use measurement system which can
create a needless loss of accuracy and reliability.
inadequate observer training - ANSWERobservers who are not trained enough.
Explicit and systematic training of observers i essential for the collection of
trustworthy data.
unintended influences on observers - ANSWERPresuppositions an observer may hold
about the expected outcomes of the data and an observer's awareness that others
are measuring the same behavior.
How do we maximize the quality of observers who are taking our data? 108-109 -
ANSWERProvide a systematic approach that covers methods such as sample
vignettes, narrative descriptions, video sequences, role playing and practice sessions
int eh environment
Describe how we assess the accuracy and reliability of data, including the differences
between obtained and true values of data. Describe how, if you can, look at data and
know whether those data are obtained or true or both? 110-11 - ANSWERcalculate
the correspondence of each measure, or datum, asses to its true value. True values
for many behaviors of interest to ABA are evident and universally accepted or can be
established conditionally by local context. True values for some behaviors are
difficult because the process for determining a true value must be different from the
measurement procedures used to obtain the data one wishes to compare to the true
value.
Why is the interobserver agreement very important to measurement? - ANSWERTo
determine the competence of new observers, detect observer drift, judge whether
the definition of the target behavior is clear and the system not too difficult to use,
and convince others of the relative believability of the data.
List the requisites for obtaining valid IOA measures - ANSWERIt requires that two or
more observers use the same observation code and measurement system, observe
and measure the same participants and events, and observer and record the
behavior independent of influence by other observers.
If given some data, be able to calculate IOA using the preferred method of doing so,
based upon the type of measurement system used to collect those data. If given a
description of a target behavior and context, be able to select the best observational
recording system to use to measure that behavior. 114-119 - ANSWER...
, Summarize the considerations in selecting, obtaining, and reporting IOA information,
including how often IOA should be collected and acceptable levels of IOA -
ANSWERIOA assessments should occur during each condition and phase of a study
and be distributed across days of the week, times of day, settings and observers. 80%
is the standard acceptable level of IOA.
accuracy - ANSWER(of measurement) The extent to which observed values, the data
produced by measuring an event, match the true state, or true values, of the event
as it exists in nature.
believability - ANSWERThe extent to which the researcher convinces herself and
others that the data are trustworthy and deserve interpretation. Measures of
interobserver agreement are the most often used index of this in applied behavior
analysis.
calibration - ANSWERAny procedure used to evaluate the accuracy of a
measurement system and, when sources of error are found, to use that information
to correct or improve the measurement system.
continuous measurement - ANSWERmeasurement conducted in a manner such that
all instances of the response class(es) of interest are detected during the observation
period. Frequency recording, duration recording
direct measurement - ANSWERDirectly measure the behavior of interest rather than
measuring indicators of the behavior. (Frequency data on nail-biting occurrences
rather than checking nails periodically).
discontinuous measurement - ANSWERMeasurement conducted in a manner such
that some instances of the response class(es) of interest may not be detected.
Whole interval, partial interval, momentary time sampling
exact count-per-interval IOA - ANSWERThe percentage of total intervals in which
observers recorded the same count; the most stringent description of IOA for most
data sets obtained by event recording.
indirect measurement - ANSWEROccurs when the behavior that is measured is in
some way different from the behavior of interest; considered less valid than direct
measurement because inferences about the relation between the data obtained and
the actual behavior of interest are required. (Checking nails periodically to see if nail-
biting has occurred rather than recording instances of nail-biting observed)
interobserver agreement (IOA) - ANSWERThe degree to which two or more
independent observers report the same observed values after measuring the same
events.
STUDY BUNDLE PACKAGE) 100% Correct Questions and
Verified Answers| Grade A
What are the 3 indicators of "trustworthy" measurement? - ANSWERValidity,
accuracy, and reliability.
Describe validity in terms of one of the 3 indicators of "trustworthy" measurement.
What does it measure? - ANSWERRequires 3 equally important elements: (a)
measuring directly a socially significant target behavior, (b) measuring a dimension
of the target behavior relevant to the question or concern about the behavior and (c)
ensuring that the data are representative of the behavior's occurrence under
conditions and during times that are most relevant to the question or concern about
the behavior.
Describe accuracy in terms of one of the 3 indicators of "trustworthy" measurement.
What does it measure? - ANSWERRefers to the extent to which the observed value
matches the true state or true value of the event as it exists in nature. It must be
determined if there is a measurement bias.
Describe reliability in terms of one of the 3 indicators of "trustworthy"
measurement. What does it measure? - ANSWERWhen measuring a procedure yields
the same outcome each time. It measures consistency of data collection.
How do we ensure our data are valid, accurate, and reliable? - ANSWERResearchers
and practitioners who asses the accuracy of their data can (a) determine early in an
analysis whether the data re usable for making experimental or treatment decisions,
(b) discover and correct measurement errors, (c) detect consistent patterns of
measurement error that can lead to the overall improvement or calibration of the
measurement system, and (d) communicate to others the relative trustworthiness of
the data.
What are some procedures that provide direct and indirect measurement? -
ANSWERDirect observation is an example of direct measurement and questionnaires
filled out by parents is an example of indirect measurement.
Describe the difference between continuous recording and sampling recording. Give
examples of each, and advantages and disadvantages. How do we do each type of
recording? 106-107 - ANSWERContinuous recording is considered the gold standard
in applied behavior analysis as it continuously records behaviors in a session.
sampling recording differs as data is recorded in samples or increments that have
been predetermined. Sample recording may be utilized when an observer is
collecting data for multiple students at one time.
,Name the three threats to measurement accuracy and reliability. - ANSWERHuman
error is the biggest threat to measurement accuracy and reliability. Factors that
contribute to human measurement error include poorly designed measurement
systems, inadequate observer training and expectations about what the data should
look like.
poorly designed measurement systems - ANSWERAn example would be an
unnecessarily cumbersome and difficult to use measurement system which can
create a needless loss of accuracy and reliability.
inadequate observer training - ANSWERobservers who are not trained enough.
Explicit and systematic training of observers i essential for the collection of
trustworthy data.
unintended influences on observers - ANSWERPresuppositions an observer may hold
about the expected outcomes of the data and an observer's awareness that others
are measuring the same behavior.
How do we maximize the quality of observers who are taking our data? 108-109 -
ANSWERProvide a systematic approach that covers methods such as sample
vignettes, narrative descriptions, video sequences, role playing and practice sessions
int eh environment
Describe how we assess the accuracy and reliability of data, including the differences
between obtained and true values of data. Describe how, if you can, look at data and
know whether those data are obtained or true or both? 110-11 - ANSWERcalculate
the correspondence of each measure, or datum, asses to its true value. True values
for many behaviors of interest to ABA are evident and universally accepted or can be
established conditionally by local context. True values for some behaviors are
difficult because the process for determining a true value must be different from the
measurement procedures used to obtain the data one wishes to compare to the true
value.
Why is the interobserver agreement very important to measurement? - ANSWERTo
determine the competence of new observers, detect observer drift, judge whether
the definition of the target behavior is clear and the system not too difficult to use,
and convince others of the relative believability of the data.
List the requisites for obtaining valid IOA measures - ANSWERIt requires that two or
more observers use the same observation code and measurement system, observe
and measure the same participants and events, and observer and record the
behavior independent of influence by other observers.
If given some data, be able to calculate IOA using the preferred method of doing so,
based upon the type of measurement system used to collect those data. If given a
description of a target behavior and context, be able to select the best observational
recording system to use to measure that behavior. 114-119 - ANSWER...
, Summarize the considerations in selecting, obtaining, and reporting IOA information,
including how often IOA should be collected and acceptable levels of IOA -
ANSWERIOA assessments should occur during each condition and phase of a study
and be distributed across days of the week, times of day, settings and observers. 80%
is the standard acceptable level of IOA.
accuracy - ANSWER(of measurement) The extent to which observed values, the data
produced by measuring an event, match the true state, or true values, of the event
as it exists in nature.
believability - ANSWERThe extent to which the researcher convinces herself and
others that the data are trustworthy and deserve interpretation. Measures of
interobserver agreement are the most often used index of this in applied behavior
analysis.
calibration - ANSWERAny procedure used to evaluate the accuracy of a
measurement system and, when sources of error are found, to use that information
to correct or improve the measurement system.
continuous measurement - ANSWERmeasurement conducted in a manner such that
all instances of the response class(es) of interest are detected during the observation
period. Frequency recording, duration recording
direct measurement - ANSWERDirectly measure the behavior of interest rather than
measuring indicators of the behavior. (Frequency data on nail-biting occurrences
rather than checking nails periodically).
discontinuous measurement - ANSWERMeasurement conducted in a manner such
that some instances of the response class(es) of interest may not be detected.
Whole interval, partial interval, momentary time sampling
exact count-per-interval IOA - ANSWERThe percentage of total intervals in which
observers recorded the same count; the most stringent description of IOA for most
data sets obtained by event recording.
indirect measurement - ANSWEROccurs when the behavior that is measured is in
some way different from the behavior of interest; considered less valid than direct
measurement because inferences about the relation between the data obtained and
the actual behavior of interest are required. (Checking nails periodically to see if nail-
biting has occurred rather than recording instances of nail-biting observed)
interobserver agreement (IOA) - ANSWERThe degree to which two or more
independent observers report the same observed values after measuring the same
events.
