NSG 555 MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS VERIFIED 2025
Pharmacokinetics
The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and
excreted.
Pharmacodynamics
what the drug does to the body
Drug that undergoes extensive first-pass effect
Nitrates
Fluoroquinolones (Cipro) are reduced when taken with:
Divalent cations (Ca, Mg, Fe)
- found in antacids, dairy products, MVI
PPIs, antacids, increase gastric pH leading to:
- Increased: Nifedipine and Amoxicillin
- Decreased: Imidazole, antifungals, Inidavanir
hydrophilic drugs
water-soluble
- decreased distribution in older adults (less body water)
- ethanol, lithium
lipophilic drugs
, fat-soluble
- increased distribution in older adults (greater fat stores)
- diazepam, flurazepam, trazodone
Digoxin binding
- binds to skeletal muscle; reduced volume in older adults because of reduced muscle
mass
Metabolism: Phase I Pathway
Reduced hydroxylation, oxydation, dealkylation
- converted to metabolites of lesser, equal, or greater pharmacologic effect than parent
compound
ex: diazepam
Metabolism: Phase II Pathway
Glucuronidation, conjugation, acetylation
- preferred pathway for older adults; metabolites aren't as active and don't accumulate
- ex: lorazepam is converted to inactive compound in older adults
Oxazepam
metabolized faster in older men than women
Nefazodone
concentrations are 50% greater in older women
Smoking and Theophylline clearance
Smoking stimulates mooxygenase enzymes leading to increased theophylline clearance
Cockcroft-Gault equation
((140-age) x kg) / (72 x SCr)) x 0.85 for women.
AND ANSWERS VERIFIED 2025
Pharmacokinetics
The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and
excreted.
Pharmacodynamics
what the drug does to the body
Drug that undergoes extensive first-pass effect
Nitrates
Fluoroquinolones (Cipro) are reduced when taken with:
Divalent cations (Ca, Mg, Fe)
- found in antacids, dairy products, MVI
PPIs, antacids, increase gastric pH leading to:
- Increased: Nifedipine and Amoxicillin
- Decreased: Imidazole, antifungals, Inidavanir
hydrophilic drugs
water-soluble
- decreased distribution in older adults (less body water)
- ethanol, lithium
lipophilic drugs
, fat-soluble
- increased distribution in older adults (greater fat stores)
- diazepam, flurazepam, trazodone
Digoxin binding
- binds to skeletal muscle; reduced volume in older adults because of reduced muscle
mass
Metabolism: Phase I Pathway
Reduced hydroxylation, oxydation, dealkylation
- converted to metabolites of lesser, equal, or greater pharmacologic effect than parent
compound
ex: diazepam
Metabolism: Phase II Pathway
Glucuronidation, conjugation, acetylation
- preferred pathway for older adults; metabolites aren't as active and don't accumulate
- ex: lorazepam is converted to inactive compound in older adults
Oxazepam
metabolized faster in older men than women
Nefazodone
concentrations are 50% greater in older women
Smoking and Theophylline clearance
Smoking stimulates mooxygenase enzymes leading to increased theophylline clearance
Cockcroft-Gault equation
((140-age) x kg) / (72 x SCr)) x 0.85 for women.
