NURS 334 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A
+ GRADED
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
Examines how people learn to think and make sense of their world; organicism
1. Sensorimotor (Born - 2 y/o) = encourage exploration of environment
2. Preoperational (2 - 7 y/o) = encourage parallel play
3. Concrete Operational (7 - 11 y/o) = helpful act at home
4. Formal Operational (11 - adulthood) = involve in decision-making about personal
health
Piaget's Theory of Moral Development
Moral development goes through a series of successive stages, just as cognition and
learning do; organicism
1. Premoral Stage - no obligation to follow rules
2. Conventional Stage - follow rules set up by people in authority
3. Autonomous Stage - moral decision making, moral judgements based on mutual
respect for the rules
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
Child's moral development does not advance if the child's cognitive development does
not also mature; organicism
1. Preconventional Level = "What's in it for me?"
2. Conventional Level = "How will it affect my relationships?"
3. Postconventional = balance between basic human rights and obligations + societal
rules and regulations
Gilligan
Men and women develop in parallel ways with one not being superior to the other;
Organicism
Male Development: separation and individuation
Female Development: no need for separation to achieve a feminine identity
Psychoanalytic and Psychosocial Theory
describes development from personality, cognitive, and behavioural perspectives
Sigmund Freud
• The id, ego, and superego regulate behaviour
• Theory is balance between pleasure-seeking drives and societal pressures
Erik Erikson
• Individuals need to accomplish one task before moving on to another
• Mastering one task before the next is necessary for success in life
Attachment and Separation Theory
• John Bowlby
• Bond or tie between an individual and another person
, Dynamic Maturational Model of Attachment
• Patricia Crittenden
• behavioural and psychiatric development disorders are considered within context of
family attachment relationships
Robert Havighurst
• Series of essential developmental tasks arising from predictable internal and external
pressures
Mechanistic Tradition
• Organism is similar to a machine
• Environment activates human development
• Behaviour is a response to environmental forces rather than internal such as
maturation
Contextualism
Human development is described and explained as tied to the understanding of
environment and context
• Focus on relationship between INDIVIDUAL and SOCIAL context
Bronfenbrenner's bioecological Theory
Microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem
1. Microsystem = IMMEDIATE setting, relationship, activity
2. Mesosystem = relationship BETWEEN different settings
3. Exosystem = SOCIAL STRUCTURES that do no directly contain individual
4. Macrosystem = consist of ALL of the ELEMENTS contained in the individuals other
systems and everthing an individual lives by
Keating and Hertzman's Population Health Theory
Health behaviour and cognitive functions are largely set in early life and then influenced
further by succeeding events in socioeconomic environment
Resilience Theory
The maintenance of positive adjustment under challenging life conditions
• Some people thrive in adverse life situations
Climate Justice
Ethical and human rights issues that occur as a result of climate change
• The right to be protected from climate change
Florence Nightingale
• Considered the founder of modern nursing
• Revolutionized nursing as an acceptable profession
• Established nursing schools, elevated status of nursing
• First nurse statistician
Marie Rollet Herbert
Lay person who assisted her physician husband to care for early settlers in New France
Jeanne Mance
Founder of Hotel Dieu de Ville Marie in Montreal
Marguerite d'Youville
• Founded the GREY NUNS
• Moved nursing care out of religious cloisters and into the community
Characteristics of a Profession
+ GRADED
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
Examines how people learn to think and make sense of their world; organicism
1. Sensorimotor (Born - 2 y/o) = encourage exploration of environment
2. Preoperational (2 - 7 y/o) = encourage parallel play
3. Concrete Operational (7 - 11 y/o) = helpful act at home
4. Formal Operational (11 - adulthood) = involve in decision-making about personal
health
Piaget's Theory of Moral Development
Moral development goes through a series of successive stages, just as cognition and
learning do; organicism
1. Premoral Stage - no obligation to follow rules
2. Conventional Stage - follow rules set up by people in authority
3. Autonomous Stage - moral decision making, moral judgements based on mutual
respect for the rules
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
Child's moral development does not advance if the child's cognitive development does
not also mature; organicism
1. Preconventional Level = "What's in it for me?"
2. Conventional Level = "How will it affect my relationships?"
3. Postconventional = balance between basic human rights and obligations + societal
rules and regulations
Gilligan
Men and women develop in parallel ways with one not being superior to the other;
Organicism
Male Development: separation and individuation
Female Development: no need for separation to achieve a feminine identity
Psychoanalytic and Psychosocial Theory
describes development from personality, cognitive, and behavioural perspectives
Sigmund Freud
• The id, ego, and superego regulate behaviour
• Theory is balance between pleasure-seeking drives and societal pressures
Erik Erikson
• Individuals need to accomplish one task before moving on to another
• Mastering one task before the next is necessary for success in life
Attachment and Separation Theory
• John Bowlby
• Bond or tie between an individual and another person
, Dynamic Maturational Model of Attachment
• Patricia Crittenden
• behavioural and psychiatric development disorders are considered within context of
family attachment relationships
Robert Havighurst
• Series of essential developmental tasks arising from predictable internal and external
pressures
Mechanistic Tradition
• Organism is similar to a machine
• Environment activates human development
• Behaviour is a response to environmental forces rather than internal such as
maturation
Contextualism
Human development is described and explained as tied to the understanding of
environment and context
• Focus on relationship between INDIVIDUAL and SOCIAL context
Bronfenbrenner's bioecological Theory
Microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem
1. Microsystem = IMMEDIATE setting, relationship, activity
2. Mesosystem = relationship BETWEEN different settings
3. Exosystem = SOCIAL STRUCTURES that do no directly contain individual
4. Macrosystem = consist of ALL of the ELEMENTS contained in the individuals other
systems and everthing an individual lives by
Keating and Hertzman's Population Health Theory
Health behaviour and cognitive functions are largely set in early life and then influenced
further by succeeding events in socioeconomic environment
Resilience Theory
The maintenance of positive adjustment under challenging life conditions
• Some people thrive in adverse life situations
Climate Justice
Ethical and human rights issues that occur as a result of climate change
• The right to be protected from climate change
Florence Nightingale
• Considered the founder of modern nursing
• Revolutionized nursing as an acceptable profession
• Established nursing schools, elevated status of nursing
• First nurse statistician
Marie Rollet Herbert
Lay person who assisted her physician husband to care for early settlers in New France
Jeanne Mance
Founder of Hotel Dieu de Ville Marie in Montreal
Marguerite d'Youville
• Founded the GREY NUNS
• Moved nursing care out of religious cloisters and into the community
Characteristics of a Profession
