UTA NURS 5315 TEST QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS A+ GRADED
byproduct of aerobic metabolism
carbon dioxide (CO2)
what enzyme converts CO2 to Carbonic acid H2CO3
carbonic anhydrase
_________ is a byproduct of anaerobic metabolism of glucose
lactic acid
end product of oxidation of sulfur containing amino acids
sulfuric acid
end product of metabolism of phosphoproteins and ribonucleotides which are
used as an energy source
phosphoric acid
__________ binds with 40% of calcium
albumin
charge of albumin
negative
what happens with albumin and calcium in acidotic states
There is an increased amount of H ions which causes albumin to bind to more H ions
and less calcium ions causing calcium ions to become displaced leading to a higher
level of free calcium
what happens with albumin and calcium in alkalotic states
There is a decreased amount of H ions causing a insufficient amount of H ions to bind
with albumin. This causes albumin to bind with more calcium (due to H depletion) and
causes a decreased amount of free calcium
When the extracellular fluid volume is expanded it ____________ the reabsorption
of HCO3 in the ____________ ___________
inhibits; proximal tubule
A deficit in ECF volume results in a __________ in the reabsorption of HCO3
increase
What hormone does ECF volume deficit stimulate
RAAS
How does RAAS affect bicarb
Angiotension II stimulates the Na-H exchanger in the proximal tubule --> increases
HCO3 reabsorption
Angiotension II stimulates the Na-H exchanger in the proximal tubule -->
increases HCO3 reabsorption --> what does this cause?
metabolic alkalosis (contraction alkalosis) secondary to volume depletion- can occur
with use of loop/thiazide diuretics
Where does the renal excretion of hydrogen occur?
distal tubule and collecting ducts
What 2 active transport system are used to secrete H
H-ATPase and H-K-ATPase
, How do the 2 transport systems move H to be excreted
move H into the lumen and move potassium from the lumen into the cells
once H is in the lumen what does it bind with?
monohydrogen phosphate (HPO4)
what does mono hydrogen phosphate produce
H2PO4 --> dihydrogen phosphate
once H2P04 is created what can happen with it?
it can be excreted
what happens to the cell cycle when cancer develops?
cell life cycle is unregulated and the cells grow and proliferate. cancer cellular division is
unregulated and malignant cells can invade local or distant tissues
Are cancer cells specialized?
No, only normal cells are specialized
Are cancer tumors encapsulated?
No, only benign tumors are encapsulated.
-oma
benign tumor
Loss of cellular differentiation
anaplasia
tumors involving epithelial tissues
-carcinoma
glandular epithelial tissue
-adeno
preinvasive carcinoma
carcinoma in situ
tumors of connective tissue
-sarcoma
malignant tumors of the muscle are named using the specific muscle type and
_______
sarcoma;myo
malignant tumors of nervous tissue
-blastoma
purpose of proto-oncogenes
produce proteins which regulate cellular proliferation
cancer cells contain what is referred to as _______ which are proto-oncogenes
that have mutated
oncogenes
what do oncogenes give cancer cells the ability to do?
provide cancer cells with the ability to secrete growth factors which stimulate their own
growth
How many tumor suppressor genes are there? - in a normal cell
2
What are tumor suppressor genes known as
anti-oncogenes
Purpose of p53 protein
ANSWERS A+ GRADED
byproduct of aerobic metabolism
carbon dioxide (CO2)
what enzyme converts CO2 to Carbonic acid H2CO3
carbonic anhydrase
_________ is a byproduct of anaerobic metabolism of glucose
lactic acid
end product of oxidation of sulfur containing amino acids
sulfuric acid
end product of metabolism of phosphoproteins and ribonucleotides which are
used as an energy source
phosphoric acid
__________ binds with 40% of calcium
albumin
charge of albumin
negative
what happens with albumin and calcium in acidotic states
There is an increased amount of H ions which causes albumin to bind to more H ions
and less calcium ions causing calcium ions to become displaced leading to a higher
level of free calcium
what happens with albumin and calcium in alkalotic states
There is a decreased amount of H ions causing a insufficient amount of H ions to bind
with albumin. This causes albumin to bind with more calcium (due to H depletion) and
causes a decreased amount of free calcium
When the extracellular fluid volume is expanded it ____________ the reabsorption
of HCO3 in the ____________ ___________
inhibits; proximal tubule
A deficit in ECF volume results in a __________ in the reabsorption of HCO3
increase
What hormone does ECF volume deficit stimulate
RAAS
How does RAAS affect bicarb
Angiotension II stimulates the Na-H exchanger in the proximal tubule --> increases
HCO3 reabsorption
Angiotension II stimulates the Na-H exchanger in the proximal tubule -->
increases HCO3 reabsorption --> what does this cause?
metabolic alkalosis (contraction alkalosis) secondary to volume depletion- can occur
with use of loop/thiazide diuretics
Where does the renal excretion of hydrogen occur?
distal tubule and collecting ducts
What 2 active transport system are used to secrete H
H-ATPase and H-K-ATPase
, How do the 2 transport systems move H to be excreted
move H into the lumen and move potassium from the lumen into the cells
once H is in the lumen what does it bind with?
monohydrogen phosphate (HPO4)
what does mono hydrogen phosphate produce
H2PO4 --> dihydrogen phosphate
once H2P04 is created what can happen with it?
it can be excreted
what happens to the cell cycle when cancer develops?
cell life cycle is unregulated and the cells grow and proliferate. cancer cellular division is
unregulated and malignant cells can invade local or distant tissues
Are cancer cells specialized?
No, only normal cells are specialized
Are cancer tumors encapsulated?
No, only benign tumors are encapsulated.
-oma
benign tumor
Loss of cellular differentiation
anaplasia
tumors involving epithelial tissues
-carcinoma
glandular epithelial tissue
-adeno
preinvasive carcinoma
carcinoma in situ
tumors of connective tissue
-sarcoma
malignant tumors of the muscle are named using the specific muscle type and
_______
sarcoma;myo
malignant tumors of nervous tissue
-blastoma
purpose of proto-oncogenes
produce proteins which regulate cellular proliferation
cancer cells contain what is referred to as _______ which are proto-oncogenes
that have mutated
oncogenes
what do oncogenes give cancer cells the ability to do?
provide cancer cells with the ability to secrete growth factors which stimulate their own
growth
How many tumor suppressor genes are there? - in a normal cell
2
What are tumor suppressor genes known as
anti-oncogenes
Purpose of p53 protein
