UTA NURS 5315 TEST QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS A+ GRADED
Age Related Changes- GI
decreased taste and smell
slowed motility & GERD
decreased blood flow and gastric secretions which can lead to increased risk of damage
to mucosal lining
b12 anemia (pernicious)
decreased nutrient absorption
reduced drug metabolism from enzymatic changes of the liver
liver function tests unchanged (if not normal, disorder, not aging sign)
fibrotic pancreas and atrophy
decrease in function of beta cell function
Diarrhea
at least 3 loose stools than developed within 24 hours, lasts no longer than 14 days
infectious diarrhea is typically less than 2 weeks
>14 days= persistent
>30 days = chronic
complications- dehydration, electrolyte, imbalances, metabolic acidosis, weight loss,
malabsorption, fatty stools
Osmotic Diarrhea
Non-absorbable substance draws water into the GI tract, which results in large volume
diarrhea
mechanism of action by lactulose and miralax
can be caused by non-absorbable sugar, tube feedings, malabsorption, pancreatic
enzyme deficiency, bile salt deficiency, SI bacterial overgrowth, celiac disease
Secretory diarrhea
excessive mucosal secretion of fluid and electrolytes produces large-volume diarrhea
typically d/t infectious causes like bacteria (c-diff)
motility diarrhea
Decreased transit time of food through the GI tract, short bowel syndrome
D/t- resection of small intestine, surgical bypass of small intestine, IBS, hyperthyroidism,
diabetic neuropathy, laxative abuse
GI Bleed
, Complications- shock, decreased cardiac output, hypotension, AKI, tachycardia, anemia
Occult - not visible and results in iron deficiency. Common in colon cancer.
Upper GI Bleed
Esophagus, stomach, duodenum
D/t- varices, gastritis, peptic ulcers, weiss tear (tear of esophagus from stomach)
Hematemesis- frank, bright red, coffee ground. If frank, usually need immediate
intervention
Melena
Lower GI Bleed
Jejunum, ileum, colon, rectum
D/t- IBD, cancer, diverticula, hemorrhoids, fissure
Hematochezia- bright red blood in stool
These typically present in the rectum, sigmoid colon, or descending colon
Peptic Ulcer Disease
A break or ulceration in the protective mucosal lining of the lower esophagus, stomach,
or duodenum. Underlying tissue is exposed to gastric acid, autodigestion, and further
damage.
Risks- smoking, age, NSAID, alcohol abuse, DM, emphysema, cirrhosis, H pylori
infection
Complications- bleeding or perforation of stomach contents into peritoneal cavity
Gastric ulcer
Ulcer located in the stomach
Risks- ages 55-65, NSAID use
S/S- gastric pain that is worse with eating, melena, hematemesis or coffee ground
emesis
Duodenal ulcer
More common in younger population
Most common type of ulcer
Epigatstric pain that is relieved with eating, pain recurs when stomach is empty (~2hrs
from last food), melena or hematemesis
Stress related ulcer
Risks- critically ill (ventilated, multi organ failure, trauma, burns, TBI)
Ischemic- develop within hours of an event that has led to gastric or duodenal ischemia-
HF, sepsis, multi organ failure, burns
ANSWERS A+ GRADED
Age Related Changes- GI
decreased taste and smell
slowed motility & GERD
decreased blood flow and gastric secretions which can lead to increased risk of damage
to mucosal lining
b12 anemia (pernicious)
decreased nutrient absorption
reduced drug metabolism from enzymatic changes of the liver
liver function tests unchanged (if not normal, disorder, not aging sign)
fibrotic pancreas and atrophy
decrease in function of beta cell function
Diarrhea
at least 3 loose stools than developed within 24 hours, lasts no longer than 14 days
infectious diarrhea is typically less than 2 weeks
>14 days= persistent
>30 days = chronic
complications- dehydration, electrolyte, imbalances, metabolic acidosis, weight loss,
malabsorption, fatty stools
Osmotic Diarrhea
Non-absorbable substance draws water into the GI tract, which results in large volume
diarrhea
mechanism of action by lactulose and miralax
can be caused by non-absorbable sugar, tube feedings, malabsorption, pancreatic
enzyme deficiency, bile salt deficiency, SI bacterial overgrowth, celiac disease
Secretory diarrhea
excessive mucosal secretion of fluid and electrolytes produces large-volume diarrhea
typically d/t infectious causes like bacteria (c-diff)
motility diarrhea
Decreased transit time of food through the GI tract, short bowel syndrome
D/t- resection of small intestine, surgical bypass of small intestine, IBS, hyperthyroidism,
diabetic neuropathy, laxative abuse
GI Bleed
, Complications- shock, decreased cardiac output, hypotension, AKI, tachycardia, anemia
Occult - not visible and results in iron deficiency. Common in colon cancer.
Upper GI Bleed
Esophagus, stomach, duodenum
D/t- varices, gastritis, peptic ulcers, weiss tear (tear of esophagus from stomach)
Hematemesis- frank, bright red, coffee ground. If frank, usually need immediate
intervention
Melena
Lower GI Bleed
Jejunum, ileum, colon, rectum
D/t- IBD, cancer, diverticula, hemorrhoids, fissure
Hematochezia- bright red blood in stool
These typically present in the rectum, sigmoid colon, or descending colon
Peptic Ulcer Disease
A break or ulceration in the protective mucosal lining of the lower esophagus, stomach,
or duodenum. Underlying tissue is exposed to gastric acid, autodigestion, and further
damage.
Risks- smoking, age, NSAID, alcohol abuse, DM, emphysema, cirrhosis, H pylori
infection
Complications- bleeding or perforation of stomach contents into peritoneal cavity
Gastric ulcer
Ulcer located in the stomach
Risks- ages 55-65, NSAID use
S/S- gastric pain that is worse with eating, melena, hematemesis or coffee ground
emesis
Duodenal ulcer
More common in younger population
Most common type of ulcer
Epigatstric pain that is relieved with eating, pain recurs when stomach is empty (~2hrs
from last food), melena or hematemesis
Stress related ulcer
Risks- critically ill (ventilated, multi organ failure, trauma, burns, TBI)
Ischemic- develop within hours of an event that has led to gastric or duodenal ischemia-
HF, sepsis, multi organ failure, burns
