Final Exams: BSC2085/ BSC 2085 (Latest 2024/ 2025
Updates STUDY BUNDLE PACKAGE WITH SOLUTIONS)
Anatomy and Physiology I | Qs & As| 100% Correct|
Grade A (Verified Answers)
four principal functions of spinal cord - ANSWERconduction, neural integration,
locomotion, reflexes
conduction - ANSWERnerve fibers conduct sensory and motor information up and
down the spinal cord
neural integration - ANSWERspinal neurons receive input from multiple sources,
intergrate it, and execute appropriate output (bladder control)
locomotion - ANSWERspinal cord contains central pattern generators: group of
neurons that coordinate repetitive sequences of leg muscle contractions and
relaxation for walking
reflexes - ANSWERinvoluntary responses to stimuli that are vital to posture,
coordidnation, and protection
spinal cord - ANSWERcylinder of nervous tissue that arises from the brainstem at the
foramen magnum of the skull
spinal cord surface anatomy - ANSWERoccupies the upper two thirds of vertebral
canal, inferior margin ends at L1 or slightly beyond, averages 1.8 cm thick and 45cm
long, gives rise to 31 pairs of spinal nerves
spinal segment - ANSWERpart of the spinal cord supplied by each pair of spinal
nerves
spinal cord surface anatomy continued - ANSWERlongitudinal grooves on anterior
and posterior sides (anterior media: fissure, posterior median: sulcus)
divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions
Thicker part of spinal cord - ANSWERcervical enlargement (c6) gives rise to nerves of
upper limb
lumbosacral enlargement (t11) gives rise to nerves of pelvic region, lower limbs
medullary cone (conus medullaris) - ANSWERinferior point of cord
cauda equina - ANSWERbundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from
L2 to S5, resembles a horse tail
, meninges - ANSWER3 fibrous membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord,
blood vessels in epidural/subarachnoid space
meninges function - ANSWERseperate soft tissue of CNS from bones of cranium and
vertebral canal
superficial to deep - ANSWERdura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
dura mater - ANSWERthick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and
protecting the brain and spinal cord
epidural space - ANSWERspace between dura and vertebral bones, contains blood
vessels, adipose tissue, and loose connective tissue
epidural anesthesia/block - ANSWERanesthetics can be introduced into epidural
space. temporary sensory block and some possible motor paralysis used commonly
at the inferior lumbar/sacral region for pain control during child birth. only affects
the spinal nerves in the immeadiate area
arachnoid mater - ANSWERconsists of arachnoid membrane adhering to dura and is
separated from pia by fiibers spanning the subarachnoid space that is filled with
cerebrospinal fluid
spinal anesthesia - ANSWERinjection of local anesthetics into subarachnoid space,
spreads as CSF distributes along spinal cord. the injection is usually not at the level of
upper cervical spinal nerves which controls respiration so breathing is not affected
lumbar cistern - ANSWERinferior to medullary cone and is subarachnoid space that is
the location of spinal taps (lumbar procedures) to sample CSF. usually perfomred
around L3-4 or L4-5
pia mater - ANSWERdelicate, transparent membrane that follows contours of spinal
cord and continues inferiorly as a fibrous terminal filum which then fuses with dura
to form coccygeal ligaments
coccygeal ligament - ANSWERanchors the spinal cord to prevent longitudinal (up and
down) movement
denticulate ligaments - ANSWERextensions of pia that pass through arachnoid to the
dura, anchoring cord to stablizie it from lateral (side to side) movements
surface of pia mater - ANSWERblood vessels along it
meningitis - ANSWERinflammaion caused by viral or bacterial infection
spinal cerebral meningitis can disrupt CSF flow, damage or kill neurons and
neuroglia. later stages of meningitis affect entire meningeal system
Updates STUDY BUNDLE PACKAGE WITH SOLUTIONS)
Anatomy and Physiology I | Qs & As| 100% Correct|
Grade A (Verified Answers)
four principal functions of spinal cord - ANSWERconduction, neural integration,
locomotion, reflexes
conduction - ANSWERnerve fibers conduct sensory and motor information up and
down the spinal cord
neural integration - ANSWERspinal neurons receive input from multiple sources,
intergrate it, and execute appropriate output (bladder control)
locomotion - ANSWERspinal cord contains central pattern generators: group of
neurons that coordinate repetitive sequences of leg muscle contractions and
relaxation for walking
reflexes - ANSWERinvoluntary responses to stimuli that are vital to posture,
coordidnation, and protection
spinal cord - ANSWERcylinder of nervous tissue that arises from the brainstem at the
foramen magnum of the skull
spinal cord surface anatomy - ANSWERoccupies the upper two thirds of vertebral
canal, inferior margin ends at L1 or slightly beyond, averages 1.8 cm thick and 45cm
long, gives rise to 31 pairs of spinal nerves
spinal segment - ANSWERpart of the spinal cord supplied by each pair of spinal
nerves
spinal cord surface anatomy continued - ANSWERlongitudinal grooves on anterior
and posterior sides (anterior media: fissure, posterior median: sulcus)
divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions
Thicker part of spinal cord - ANSWERcervical enlargement (c6) gives rise to nerves of
upper limb
lumbosacral enlargement (t11) gives rise to nerves of pelvic region, lower limbs
medullary cone (conus medullaris) - ANSWERinferior point of cord
cauda equina - ANSWERbundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from
L2 to S5, resembles a horse tail
, meninges - ANSWER3 fibrous membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord,
blood vessels in epidural/subarachnoid space
meninges function - ANSWERseperate soft tissue of CNS from bones of cranium and
vertebral canal
superficial to deep - ANSWERdura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
dura mater - ANSWERthick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and
protecting the brain and spinal cord
epidural space - ANSWERspace between dura and vertebral bones, contains blood
vessels, adipose tissue, and loose connective tissue
epidural anesthesia/block - ANSWERanesthetics can be introduced into epidural
space. temporary sensory block and some possible motor paralysis used commonly
at the inferior lumbar/sacral region for pain control during child birth. only affects
the spinal nerves in the immeadiate area
arachnoid mater - ANSWERconsists of arachnoid membrane adhering to dura and is
separated from pia by fiibers spanning the subarachnoid space that is filled with
cerebrospinal fluid
spinal anesthesia - ANSWERinjection of local anesthetics into subarachnoid space,
spreads as CSF distributes along spinal cord. the injection is usually not at the level of
upper cervical spinal nerves which controls respiration so breathing is not affected
lumbar cistern - ANSWERinferior to medullary cone and is subarachnoid space that is
the location of spinal taps (lumbar procedures) to sample CSF. usually perfomred
around L3-4 or L4-5
pia mater - ANSWERdelicate, transparent membrane that follows contours of spinal
cord and continues inferiorly as a fibrous terminal filum which then fuses with dura
to form coccygeal ligaments
coccygeal ligament - ANSWERanchors the spinal cord to prevent longitudinal (up and
down) movement
denticulate ligaments - ANSWERextensions of pia that pass through arachnoid to the
dura, anchoring cord to stablizie it from lateral (side to side) movements
surface of pia mater - ANSWERblood vessels along it
meningitis - ANSWERinflammaion caused by viral or bacterial infection
spinal cerebral meningitis can disrupt CSF flow, damage or kill neurons and
neuroglia. later stages of meningitis affect entire meningeal system
