Midterm Exam: NUR641E/ NUR 641E (Latest 2024/
2025 Update) Advanced Pathophysiology and
Pharmacology for Nurse Educators Guide| Qs & As|
100% Correct| Grade A (Verified Answers)
Type 1 diabetes mellitus - ANSWERdiabetes caused by a total lack of insulin
production; usually develops in childhood, and patients require insulin replacement
therapy to control the disorder
T1DM signs and symptoms - ANSWER- Rapid onset
- Blurred vision
- Fatigue
- Weight loss
- Frequent urination
- Headaches
- Mood swings
- Slow wound healing
T1DM treatment - ANSWERinsulin
T1DM cause - ANSWERThe exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. Usually, the
body's own immune system — which normally fights harmful bacteria and viruses —
mistakenly destroys the insulin-producing (islet, or islets of Langerhans) cells in the
pancreas. Other possible causes include:
- Genetics
- Exposure to viruses and other environmental factors
T1DM complications - ANSWER- Heart and blood vessel disease
- Nerve damage (neuropathy)
- Kidney damage (nephropathy)
-Eye damage.
- Foot damage
- Skin and mouth conditions.
- Pregnancy complications
Type 2 diabetes mellitus - ANSWERdiabetes caused by either a lack of insulin or the
body's inability to use insulin efficiently; usually develops in middle-aged or older
adults, and patients usually do not require insulin replacement therapy to control
the disorder
T2DM signs and symptoms - ANSWER- slow, progresses over time
- Blurred vision
- Frequent urination
- Slow wound healing
- Externally thirsty
,- Feeling dizzy
T2DM causes - ANSWERDiabetes runs in the family. If you have a family member
with diabetes, you have a genetic disposition to the condition.
While people may have a strong genetic disposition towards type 2 diabetes, the risk
is greatly increased if people display a number of modifiable lifestyle factors
including high blood pressure, overweight or obesity, insufficient physical activity
and poor diet.
T2DM treatment - ANSWER-Drug Therapy
-Nutrition Therapy
-Comprehensive self-management education
-Exercise
T2DM complications - ANSWER- Diabetic angiopathy
- Diabetic retinopathy
- Diabetic atherosclerosis
- Diabetic neuropathy
- Diabetic nephropathy
Diabetic angiopathy - ANSWER-Inappropriate elevation of blood glucose levels and
accelerated atherosclerosis
-Neuropathies a major problem
-Ulcers may lead to gangrene and amputation
diabetic retinopathy - ANSWERoccurs when diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels
in the retina, causing blood to leak into the posterior segment of the eyeball.
Diabetic Atherosclerosis - ANSWERBy driving inflammation and slowing blood flow,
dramatically accelerates atherosclerosis. Experts once believed that atherosclerosis,
or hardening of the arteries, developed when too much cholesterol clogged arteries
with fatty deposits called plaques.
Diabetic nephropathy - ANSWERaccumulation of damage to the glomerulus
capillaries due to the chronic high blood sugars of diabetes mellitus.
Diabetic Neuropathies - ANSWERIs a type of nerve damage that can occur if you
have diabetes. High blood sugar (glucose) can injure nerves throughout your body.
Diabetic neuropathy most often damages nerves in your legs and feet.
Hyperthyroidism - ANSWERexcessive activity of the thyroid gland.
Graves disease - ANSWERan autoimmune disorder that is caused by hyperthyroidism
and is characterized by goiter and/or exophthalmos
Graves disease signs and symptoms - ANSWER-Enlarged thyroid
, -Acceleration of body process: weight loss, increased appetite, diarrhea, heat
intolerance, tachycardia, palpitations, increased BP, diaphoresis, nervousness,
insomnia
-Exopthalamos
-Increased T3 and T4 levels
-Low TSH levels
Graves disease causes - ANSWERThe cause of Graves disease is unknown, the result
is the production of thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins (antibodies) that increase
production of thyroid hormones.
Graves disease treatment - ANSWER- inhibit production of thyroid hormones and
block effect on the body
-Radioactive iodine therapy: destroys overactive thyroid cells over time
-Propylthiouracil, methimazole
-Betablockers
-Subtotal or full thyroidectomy (risk of damaging vocal cords and parathyroid glands)
Hypothyroidism - ANSWERA disorder caused by a thyroid gland that is slower and
less productive than normal.
Hashimoto's disease - ANSWERautoimmune disease in which the body's own
antibodies attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid gland.
Hashimoto disease signs and symptoms - ANSWER- Lethargy, slow mentation, impair
memory
- Cold intolerance
- Cool, dry skin
- Bradycardia
- Constipation
- Hyperlipemia
- Coarse hair
- Goitre
- Decreased appetite
-Weight gain
- Prolonged, heavy menses
- Muscle weakness
- No libido
- depression
Hashimoto disease cause - ANSWERHashimotos disease is condition in which the
immune system damages the thyroid, reducing its ability to produce thyroid
hormones.
Hashimoto disease treatment - ANSWERReplacement of natural L-thyroxine with a
synthetic form called L-thyroxine.
2025 Update) Advanced Pathophysiology and
Pharmacology for Nurse Educators Guide| Qs & As|
100% Correct| Grade A (Verified Answers)
Type 1 diabetes mellitus - ANSWERdiabetes caused by a total lack of insulin
production; usually develops in childhood, and patients require insulin replacement
therapy to control the disorder
T1DM signs and symptoms - ANSWER- Rapid onset
- Blurred vision
- Fatigue
- Weight loss
- Frequent urination
- Headaches
- Mood swings
- Slow wound healing
T1DM treatment - ANSWERinsulin
T1DM cause - ANSWERThe exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. Usually, the
body's own immune system — which normally fights harmful bacteria and viruses —
mistakenly destroys the insulin-producing (islet, or islets of Langerhans) cells in the
pancreas. Other possible causes include:
- Genetics
- Exposure to viruses and other environmental factors
T1DM complications - ANSWER- Heart and blood vessel disease
- Nerve damage (neuropathy)
- Kidney damage (nephropathy)
-Eye damage.
- Foot damage
- Skin and mouth conditions.
- Pregnancy complications
Type 2 diabetes mellitus - ANSWERdiabetes caused by either a lack of insulin or the
body's inability to use insulin efficiently; usually develops in middle-aged or older
adults, and patients usually do not require insulin replacement therapy to control
the disorder
T2DM signs and symptoms - ANSWER- slow, progresses over time
- Blurred vision
- Frequent urination
- Slow wound healing
- Externally thirsty
,- Feeling dizzy
T2DM causes - ANSWERDiabetes runs in the family. If you have a family member
with diabetes, you have a genetic disposition to the condition.
While people may have a strong genetic disposition towards type 2 diabetes, the risk
is greatly increased if people display a number of modifiable lifestyle factors
including high blood pressure, overweight or obesity, insufficient physical activity
and poor diet.
T2DM treatment - ANSWER-Drug Therapy
-Nutrition Therapy
-Comprehensive self-management education
-Exercise
T2DM complications - ANSWER- Diabetic angiopathy
- Diabetic retinopathy
- Diabetic atherosclerosis
- Diabetic neuropathy
- Diabetic nephropathy
Diabetic angiopathy - ANSWER-Inappropriate elevation of blood glucose levels and
accelerated atherosclerosis
-Neuropathies a major problem
-Ulcers may lead to gangrene and amputation
diabetic retinopathy - ANSWERoccurs when diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels
in the retina, causing blood to leak into the posterior segment of the eyeball.
Diabetic Atherosclerosis - ANSWERBy driving inflammation and slowing blood flow,
dramatically accelerates atherosclerosis. Experts once believed that atherosclerosis,
or hardening of the arteries, developed when too much cholesterol clogged arteries
with fatty deposits called plaques.
Diabetic nephropathy - ANSWERaccumulation of damage to the glomerulus
capillaries due to the chronic high blood sugars of diabetes mellitus.
Diabetic Neuropathies - ANSWERIs a type of nerve damage that can occur if you
have diabetes. High blood sugar (glucose) can injure nerves throughout your body.
Diabetic neuropathy most often damages nerves in your legs and feet.
Hyperthyroidism - ANSWERexcessive activity of the thyroid gland.
Graves disease - ANSWERan autoimmune disorder that is caused by hyperthyroidism
and is characterized by goiter and/or exophthalmos
Graves disease signs and symptoms - ANSWER-Enlarged thyroid
, -Acceleration of body process: weight loss, increased appetite, diarrhea, heat
intolerance, tachycardia, palpitations, increased BP, diaphoresis, nervousness,
insomnia
-Exopthalamos
-Increased T3 and T4 levels
-Low TSH levels
Graves disease causes - ANSWERThe cause of Graves disease is unknown, the result
is the production of thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins (antibodies) that increase
production of thyroid hormones.
Graves disease treatment - ANSWER- inhibit production of thyroid hormones and
block effect on the body
-Radioactive iodine therapy: destroys overactive thyroid cells over time
-Propylthiouracil, methimazole
-Betablockers
-Subtotal or full thyroidectomy (risk of damaging vocal cords and parathyroid glands)
Hypothyroidism - ANSWERA disorder caused by a thyroid gland that is slower and
less productive than normal.
Hashimoto's disease - ANSWERautoimmune disease in which the body's own
antibodies attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid gland.
Hashimoto disease signs and symptoms - ANSWER- Lethargy, slow mentation, impair
memory
- Cold intolerance
- Cool, dry skin
- Bradycardia
- Constipation
- Hyperlipemia
- Coarse hair
- Goitre
- Decreased appetite
-Weight gain
- Prolonged, heavy menses
- Muscle weakness
- No libido
- depression
Hashimoto disease cause - ANSWERHashimotos disease is condition in which the
immune system damages the thyroid, reducing its ability to produce thyroid
hormones.
Hashimoto disease treatment - ANSWERReplacement of natural L-thyroxine with a
synthetic form called L-thyroxine.
