HOSA Pathophysiology (Latest 2024/ 2025 Updates
STUDY BUNDLE PACKAGE WITH SOLUTIONS) Qs & As|
Grade A| 100% Correct (Verified Answers)
Angelman syndrome - ANSWERDeletion of normally active maternal allele. Mental
retardation, seizures, ataxia, inappropriate laughter ("happy puppet")
Canavan disease - ANSWERautosomal recessive, chromosome 17
enzyme aspartoacylase
hypotonia, poor head control, GE reflux of poor weight gain, demyelination,
progressive leukodstrophy, and death in 1st decade
coeliac disease - ANSWERprotein gluten is not properly broken down
cystic fibrosis - ANSWERHereditary condition that causes the exocrine glands to
malfunction. The patient produces very thick mucus that causes severe congestion
within the lungs and digestive system.
down syndrome - ANSWERTrisomy 21, a condition of retardation and associated
physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one's genetic makeup
duchenne muscular distrophy - ANSWERA human genetic disease caused by a sex-
linked recessive allele; characterized by progressive weakening and loss of muscle
tissue
hemophillia - ANSWERrare bleeding disorder in which your blood doesnt clot
normally.
klinefelter's syndrome - ANSWERa chromosomal trisomy in which males have an
extra X chromosome resulting in an XXy condition; affected individuals typically have
reduced fertility
neurofibromatosis - ANSWERautosomal dominant disease characterized by
numerous neurofibromas and by spots on the skin and often by developmental
abnormalities
phenlketonuria - ANSWERA genetic disorder caused by a particular pair of
homozygous recessive genes and characterized by the inability to break down
phenylalanine, an amino acid found in many high-protein foods. The resulting high
blood levels of phenylalanine cause mental retardation
polycystic kidney disease - ANSWERkidney disease characterized by enlarged kidneys
containing many cysts
,sickle-cell disease - ANSWERA human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele
that results in the substitution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein;
characterized by deformed red blood cells that can lead to numerous symptoms.
turner syndrome - ANSWERwhere females only have a single x chromosome instead
of two
acne - ANSWERan inflammatory disease involving the sebaceous glands of the skin
alopecia - ANSWERloss of hair (especially on the head) or loss of wool or feathers
angioma - ANSWERa tumor consisting of a mass of blood or lymphatic vessels
athlete's foot - ANSWERFungus infection usually in the skin of the toes and soles
boil - ANSWERa painful sore with a hard pus-filled core
basal cell carcinoma - ANSWERMost common and least severe type of skin cancer;
often characterized by light or pearly nodules.
bowen's disease - ANSWERcarcinoma in situ on shaft of penis (* risk of visceral ca)
callus - ANSWERan area of skin that is thick or hard from continual pressure or
friction (as the sole of the foot)
corns - ANSWERhard growths on the feet or palms of the hands
cellulitis - ANSWERan inflammation of body tissue (especially that below the skin)
characterized by fever and swelling and redness and pain
dermatitis - ANSWERinflammation of the skin
dermatofibroma - ANSWERfibrous tumor of the skin
eczema - ANSWERInflammatory, painful itching disease of the skin, acute or chronic
in nature, presenting many forms of dry or moist lesions.
erythrasma - ANSWERoften as a interdigital toe web maceration with fissures as well
as shiny or scaly brown-red patches
erysipelas - ANSWERan acute streptococcal infection characterized by deep-red
inflammation of the skin and mucous membranes
folliculitis - ANSWERinflammation of a hair follicle
,herpes - ANSWERA viral infection causing small painful blisters and inflammation,
most commonly at the junction of skin and mucous membrane in the mouth or nose
or in the genitals
hives - ANSWERan itchy skin eruption characterized by weals with pale interiors and
well-defined red margins
impetigo - ANSWERBacterial skin infection characterized by isolated pustules that
become crusted and rupture
jock itch - ANSWERfungal infection of the groin (most common in men)
kaposi's sarcoma - ANSWERmalignant tumor of the blood vessels associated with
AIDS
keloid - ANSWERovergrowth of scar tissue
keratoacanthoma - ANSWERskin tumor that grows rapidly (especially in older
people) and resembles a carcinoma but does not spread
keratosis - ANSWERa skin condition marked by an overgrowth of layers of horny skin
pediculosis - ANSWERlice infection
lipoma - ANSWERa tumor consisting of fatty tissue
lymphadenitis - ANSWERinflammation of lymph nodes
malignant melanoma - ANSWERMost serious form of skin cancer; often
characterized by black or dark brown patches on the skin that may appear uneven in
texture, jagged, or raised.
melasma - ANSWERa tan discoloration of a woman's face that is associated with
pregnancy or with the use of oral contraceptives
miliaria - ANSWERobstruction of the sweat ducts during high heat and humidity
photoallergy - ANSWERan allergic type of sensitivity to light
psoriasis - ANSWERa chronic skin disease characterized by dry red patches covered
with scales
raynaud's disease - ANSWERThis disease is an intermittent spasm of the digital
arteries & arterioles resulting in decreased circulation to the fingers & toes,
sometimes tips of nose & ears are affected. Related to vasospastic disorders &
disturbance with innervations of the SNS.
, ring worm - ANSWERwhen a fungus forms a mycelium directly with the outer layer of
the skin other than the bottom of the foot such as the scalp and produces a red
scaling sore
shingles - ANSWEReruptions along a nerve path often accompanied by severe
neuralgia
squamous cell carcinoma - ANSWERType of skin cancer more serious than basal cell
carcinoma; often characterized by scaly red papules or nodules.
verruca - ANSWERan epidermal tumor caused by a papilloma virus, also called a wart
Astrovirus - ANSWERNaked, (+)ssRNA that cause villous blunting, irregular surface
epithelium with inflammatory cell infiltration; seen most in children under 12
months - diarrhea, vomiting, fever with mild dehyrdration for 4-5 days; fecal-oral
spread
Chickenpox - ANSWERhighly contagious, acute viral infection that is common in
children and young adults
Dengue Virus - ANSWER+ssRNA, causes hemorrhagic fever. Mosquito bite causes
viremia, fever, rash. Confirm with serology, no vaccines or anti-virals. Increased
severity infection if previously infected by another serotype
Ebola - ANSWERA contagious viral disease originating in Africa. It is transmitted by
blood and body fluids and causes body organs and vessels to leak blood, usually
resulting in death.
Foot-and-mouth disease - ANSWERhighly contagious viral infection that affects pigs,
cattle, sheep, goats, and deers; it can also but rarely infect humans (when we drink
milk of infected animals)
Hepatitis A - ANSWERan acute but benign form of viral hepatitis caused by an RNA
virus that does not persist in the blood serum and is usually transmitted by ingesting
food or drink that is contaiminated with fecal matter
Hepatitis B - ANSWERan acute (sometimes fatal) form of viral hepatitis caused by a
DNA virus that tends to persist in the blood serum and is transmitted by sexual
contact or by transfusion or by ingestion of contaminated blood or other bodily
fluids
Hepatitis C - ANSWERinflammation of th eliver caused by the HCV, transmitted by
exposure to infected blood (rarely contracted sexually)
Herpes - ANSWERviral diseases causing eruptions of the skin or mucous membrane
HIV - ANSWERthe virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
STUDY BUNDLE PACKAGE WITH SOLUTIONS) Qs & As|
Grade A| 100% Correct (Verified Answers)
Angelman syndrome - ANSWERDeletion of normally active maternal allele. Mental
retardation, seizures, ataxia, inappropriate laughter ("happy puppet")
Canavan disease - ANSWERautosomal recessive, chromosome 17
enzyme aspartoacylase
hypotonia, poor head control, GE reflux of poor weight gain, demyelination,
progressive leukodstrophy, and death in 1st decade
coeliac disease - ANSWERprotein gluten is not properly broken down
cystic fibrosis - ANSWERHereditary condition that causes the exocrine glands to
malfunction. The patient produces very thick mucus that causes severe congestion
within the lungs and digestive system.
down syndrome - ANSWERTrisomy 21, a condition of retardation and associated
physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one's genetic makeup
duchenne muscular distrophy - ANSWERA human genetic disease caused by a sex-
linked recessive allele; characterized by progressive weakening and loss of muscle
tissue
hemophillia - ANSWERrare bleeding disorder in which your blood doesnt clot
normally.
klinefelter's syndrome - ANSWERa chromosomal trisomy in which males have an
extra X chromosome resulting in an XXy condition; affected individuals typically have
reduced fertility
neurofibromatosis - ANSWERautosomal dominant disease characterized by
numerous neurofibromas and by spots on the skin and often by developmental
abnormalities
phenlketonuria - ANSWERA genetic disorder caused by a particular pair of
homozygous recessive genes and characterized by the inability to break down
phenylalanine, an amino acid found in many high-protein foods. The resulting high
blood levels of phenylalanine cause mental retardation
polycystic kidney disease - ANSWERkidney disease characterized by enlarged kidneys
containing many cysts
,sickle-cell disease - ANSWERA human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele
that results in the substitution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein;
characterized by deformed red blood cells that can lead to numerous symptoms.
turner syndrome - ANSWERwhere females only have a single x chromosome instead
of two
acne - ANSWERan inflammatory disease involving the sebaceous glands of the skin
alopecia - ANSWERloss of hair (especially on the head) or loss of wool or feathers
angioma - ANSWERa tumor consisting of a mass of blood or lymphatic vessels
athlete's foot - ANSWERFungus infection usually in the skin of the toes and soles
boil - ANSWERa painful sore with a hard pus-filled core
basal cell carcinoma - ANSWERMost common and least severe type of skin cancer;
often characterized by light or pearly nodules.
bowen's disease - ANSWERcarcinoma in situ on shaft of penis (* risk of visceral ca)
callus - ANSWERan area of skin that is thick or hard from continual pressure or
friction (as the sole of the foot)
corns - ANSWERhard growths on the feet or palms of the hands
cellulitis - ANSWERan inflammation of body tissue (especially that below the skin)
characterized by fever and swelling and redness and pain
dermatitis - ANSWERinflammation of the skin
dermatofibroma - ANSWERfibrous tumor of the skin
eczema - ANSWERInflammatory, painful itching disease of the skin, acute or chronic
in nature, presenting many forms of dry or moist lesions.
erythrasma - ANSWERoften as a interdigital toe web maceration with fissures as well
as shiny or scaly brown-red patches
erysipelas - ANSWERan acute streptococcal infection characterized by deep-red
inflammation of the skin and mucous membranes
folliculitis - ANSWERinflammation of a hair follicle
,herpes - ANSWERA viral infection causing small painful blisters and inflammation,
most commonly at the junction of skin and mucous membrane in the mouth or nose
or in the genitals
hives - ANSWERan itchy skin eruption characterized by weals with pale interiors and
well-defined red margins
impetigo - ANSWERBacterial skin infection characterized by isolated pustules that
become crusted and rupture
jock itch - ANSWERfungal infection of the groin (most common in men)
kaposi's sarcoma - ANSWERmalignant tumor of the blood vessels associated with
AIDS
keloid - ANSWERovergrowth of scar tissue
keratoacanthoma - ANSWERskin tumor that grows rapidly (especially in older
people) and resembles a carcinoma but does not spread
keratosis - ANSWERa skin condition marked by an overgrowth of layers of horny skin
pediculosis - ANSWERlice infection
lipoma - ANSWERa tumor consisting of fatty tissue
lymphadenitis - ANSWERinflammation of lymph nodes
malignant melanoma - ANSWERMost serious form of skin cancer; often
characterized by black or dark brown patches on the skin that may appear uneven in
texture, jagged, or raised.
melasma - ANSWERa tan discoloration of a woman's face that is associated with
pregnancy or with the use of oral contraceptives
miliaria - ANSWERobstruction of the sweat ducts during high heat and humidity
photoallergy - ANSWERan allergic type of sensitivity to light
psoriasis - ANSWERa chronic skin disease characterized by dry red patches covered
with scales
raynaud's disease - ANSWERThis disease is an intermittent spasm of the digital
arteries & arterioles resulting in decreased circulation to the fingers & toes,
sometimes tips of nose & ears are affected. Related to vasospastic disorders &
disturbance with innervations of the SNS.
, ring worm - ANSWERwhen a fungus forms a mycelium directly with the outer layer of
the skin other than the bottom of the foot such as the scalp and produces a red
scaling sore
shingles - ANSWEReruptions along a nerve path often accompanied by severe
neuralgia
squamous cell carcinoma - ANSWERType of skin cancer more serious than basal cell
carcinoma; often characterized by scaly red papules or nodules.
verruca - ANSWERan epidermal tumor caused by a papilloma virus, also called a wart
Astrovirus - ANSWERNaked, (+)ssRNA that cause villous blunting, irregular surface
epithelium with inflammatory cell infiltration; seen most in children under 12
months - diarrhea, vomiting, fever with mild dehyrdration for 4-5 days; fecal-oral
spread
Chickenpox - ANSWERhighly contagious, acute viral infection that is common in
children and young adults
Dengue Virus - ANSWER+ssRNA, causes hemorrhagic fever. Mosquito bite causes
viremia, fever, rash. Confirm with serology, no vaccines or anti-virals. Increased
severity infection if previously infected by another serotype
Ebola - ANSWERA contagious viral disease originating in Africa. It is transmitted by
blood and body fluids and causes body organs and vessels to leak blood, usually
resulting in death.
Foot-and-mouth disease - ANSWERhighly contagious viral infection that affects pigs,
cattle, sheep, goats, and deers; it can also but rarely infect humans (when we drink
milk of infected animals)
Hepatitis A - ANSWERan acute but benign form of viral hepatitis caused by an RNA
virus that does not persist in the blood serum and is usually transmitted by ingesting
food or drink that is contaiminated with fecal matter
Hepatitis B - ANSWERan acute (sometimes fatal) form of viral hepatitis caused by a
DNA virus that tends to persist in the blood serum and is transmitted by sexual
contact or by transfusion or by ingestion of contaminated blood or other bodily
fluids
Hepatitis C - ANSWERinflammation of th eliver caused by the HCV, transmitted by
exposure to infected blood (rarely contracted sexually)
Herpes - ANSWERviral diseases causing eruptions of the skin or mucous membrane
HIV - ANSWERthe virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
