HOSA Pharmacology (Latest 2024/ 2025 Updates
STUDY BUNDLE PACKAGE WITH SOLUTIONS) Qs & As|
Grade A| 100% Correct (Verified Answers)
Absorption - ANSWERProcess by which a drug enters the circulatory system (blood).
Intravenous (IV) & Intra-Arterial - ANSWERAdministration/Dosage routs that do not
require absorption.
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, & Elimination... The Pharmacokinetic Process -
ANSWERADME
Addiction - ANSWERDependence characterized by a perceived need to take a drug to
attain the psychological & physical effects of mood altering substances.
Affinity - ANSWERNatural attraction - the strength by which a particular chemical
messenger binds to its receptor site on a cell
Agonist - ANSWERDrug that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter when it binds to
a particular receptor site - i.e. & triggers the cell's response in a manner similar to
the action of the body's own chemical messenger.
Allergen - ANSWERSubstance of a usually harmless nature that produces an
abnormal hypersensitive reaction.
Allergic Response - ANSWERA hypersensitive reaction to any usually harmless
substance that does not normally cause a reaction.
Anaphylactic Reaction - ANSWERSevere allergic response resulting in immediate life-
threatening respiratory distress, usually followed by vascular collapse & shock
accompanied w/ hives.
Angioedema - ANSWERAbnormal accumulation of fluid in tissue.
Antagonist - ANSWERDrug that neutralizes or counteracts the effects of a
neurotransmitter or another drug when it binds to a particular receptor site.
Antigen - ANSWERForeign substance that is recognized by the immune system &
induces the immune system to produce antibodies to defend against the foreign
substance.
Bioavailability - ANSWERDegree to which a drug or other substance becomes
available to the target tissue after administration.
Blood-Brain Barrier - ANSWERFortified area that prevents many substances from
entering the cerebro-spinal fluid from the blood. This area is formed by glial cells
,that envelope capillaries in the fcentral nervous system. This creates a shield that
blocks many water-soluble compounds, but is permeable to lipid-soluble substances.
Ceiling Effect - ANSWERPoint @ which no clinical response occurs w/ increased
dosage of a drug.
Clearance - ANSWERRate @ which a drug is eliminated from a specific volume of
blood per unit of time.
Contraindication - ANSWERAny disease, condition, or symptom for which a drug will
not be beneficial & may be harmful.
Dependence - ANSWERState in which a person's body has adapted physiologically &
psychologically to a drug & cannot function w/o it.
Distribution - ANSWERProcess by which a drug moves from the blood into other
body fluids & tissues & ultimately to its site(s) of action.
Dose - ANSWERQuantity of a drug administered at one time.
Drug Abuse - ANSWERUse of a drug for purposes other than those prescribed &/or in
amounts that were not directed. This is often linked to addiction.
Drug Interaction - ANSWERWhen a drug is affected in some way by another drug,
foods, or other substances, such as when enzymes that metabolize the drug are
induced or inhibited.
Drug Interaction Relationship: Addition - ANSWERThe combined effect of 2 drugs is
equal to the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone.
Drug Interaction Relationship: Antagonism - ANSWERThe action of 1 drug negates
the action of a 2nd drug.
Drug Interaction Relationship: Potentiation - ANSWER1 drug increases or prolongs
the action of another drug, & the total effect is greater than the sum of the effects of
each drug used alone - drug potency is increased.
Drug Interaction Relationship: Synergism - ANSWERThe combined effect of 2 drugs is
more intense or longer in duration than the sum of their individual effects. Drugs
that work in combination like this are usually prescribed together.
Enzymes, Nucleic Acids, Receptors, & Transport Proteins - ANSWERTypes of specific
body molecules that drugs can combine w/.
Duration Of Action - ANSWERLength of time a drug gives the desired
response/remains at the therapeutic level.
,Elimination - ANSWERRemoval of a drug or the drugs metabolites from the body by
excretion.
First-Order - ANSWERDrugs for which the rate of elimination is concentration
dependent (as opposed to ____ _ _____).
First-Pass Effect - ANSWERExtent to which a drug is metabolized by the liver before
reaching full body circulation. This can substantially decrease bioavailability of
certain drugs when administered orally, in which case administration by injection is
required.
Half-Life - ANSWERTime necessary for the body to eliminate half of the drug in the
body @ any 1 time (written as T 1/2).
Homeostasis - ANSWERMaintenance of stability in the internal environment of the
body.
Induction - ANSWERProcess by which a drug increases the concentration of certain
enzymes that affect the pharmacologic response to other drugs.
Inhibition - ANSWERProcess by which a drug blocks enzyme activity & impairs the
metabolism of another drug.
Interaction - ANSWERChange in the action of a drug caused by another drug, food, or
another substance, such as alcohol or nicotine.
Lipid - ANSWERFatty molecule - An important constituent of cell membranes; they
generally repel water.
Local Effect - ANSWERAction of a drug that is confined to a specific part of the body.
Loading Dose - ANSWERAmt of a drug that will bring the blood concentration rapidly
to a therapeutic level.
Maintenance Dose - ANSWERAmt of a drug administered at regular intervals to keep
the blood concentration @ a therapeutic level. An important factor in determining
this, is a drug's clearance rate.
Metabolic Pathway - ANSWERSequence of chemical steps that convert a drug tinto a
metabolite.
Metabolism - ANSWERProcess by which drugs are chemically converted to other
compounds.
Metabolite - ANSWERSubstance into which a drug is chemically converted in the
body.
, Peak - ANSWERTop or upper limit of a drug's concentration in the blood.
Pharmacokinetic Modeling - ANSWERMethod of describing the process of
absorption, distribution, metabolism, & elimination (ADME) of drug w/i the body
mathematically.
Pharmacokinetics - ANSWERActivity of a drug w/i the body over a period of time;
includes absorption, distribution, metabolism, & elimination (ADME).
Prophylaxis - ANSWEREffect of a drug in preventing infection or disease.
Pruritus - ANSWERItching Sensation.
Receptor - ANSWERProtein molecule on the surface of or w/i a cell that recognizes &
binds w/ specific molecules, thereby producing some effect w/i the cell.
Side Effect - ANSWERSecondary response to a drug other than the primary
therapeutic effect for which the drug was inteneded.
Solubility - ANSWERAbility of a drug to dissolve in body fluids.
Specificity - ANSWERProperty of a cell receptor that enables it to bind only w/ a
specific chemical messenger complementary to the structure of the receptor.
Systemic Effect - ANSWERAction of a drug that has generalized - the all-inclusive
effect of the drug on the body.
Therapeutic Effect - ANSWERDesired action of a drug in the treatment of a particular
disease , state, or symptom.
Therapeutic Level - ANSWERAmount of a drug in the blood @ which beneficial
effects occur. The amt. of time required to achieve this can be shortened by
administering a loading dose.
Therapeutic Range - ANSWEROptimum Dosage, providing the best chance for
achieving the most effective & desired action... Dosing below this range has little
effect, while dosing above this level (overdosing) can lead to toxicity & death.
Tolerance - ANSWERDecrease in response to the effects of a drug as it continues to
be administered.
Trough - ANSWERLowest level of a drug in the blood.
Urticaria - ANSWERHives, itching sensation.
Volume Of Distribution - ANSWERmathematical relationship betw. the blood
concentration attained & the amt. of drug administered.
STUDY BUNDLE PACKAGE WITH SOLUTIONS) Qs & As|
Grade A| 100% Correct (Verified Answers)
Absorption - ANSWERProcess by which a drug enters the circulatory system (blood).
Intravenous (IV) & Intra-Arterial - ANSWERAdministration/Dosage routs that do not
require absorption.
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, & Elimination... The Pharmacokinetic Process -
ANSWERADME
Addiction - ANSWERDependence characterized by a perceived need to take a drug to
attain the psychological & physical effects of mood altering substances.
Affinity - ANSWERNatural attraction - the strength by which a particular chemical
messenger binds to its receptor site on a cell
Agonist - ANSWERDrug that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter when it binds to
a particular receptor site - i.e. & triggers the cell's response in a manner similar to
the action of the body's own chemical messenger.
Allergen - ANSWERSubstance of a usually harmless nature that produces an
abnormal hypersensitive reaction.
Allergic Response - ANSWERA hypersensitive reaction to any usually harmless
substance that does not normally cause a reaction.
Anaphylactic Reaction - ANSWERSevere allergic response resulting in immediate life-
threatening respiratory distress, usually followed by vascular collapse & shock
accompanied w/ hives.
Angioedema - ANSWERAbnormal accumulation of fluid in tissue.
Antagonist - ANSWERDrug that neutralizes or counteracts the effects of a
neurotransmitter or another drug when it binds to a particular receptor site.
Antigen - ANSWERForeign substance that is recognized by the immune system &
induces the immune system to produce antibodies to defend against the foreign
substance.
Bioavailability - ANSWERDegree to which a drug or other substance becomes
available to the target tissue after administration.
Blood-Brain Barrier - ANSWERFortified area that prevents many substances from
entering the cerebro-spinal fluid from the blood. This area is formed by glial cells
,that envelope capillaries in the fcentral nervous system. This creates a shield that
blocks many water-soluble compounds, but is permeable to lipid-soluble substances.
Ceiling Effect - ANSWERPoint @ which no clinical response occurs w/ increased
dosage of a drug.
Clearance - ANSWERRate @ which a drug is eliminated from a specific volume of
blood per unit of time.
Contraindication - ANSWERAny disease, condition, or symptom for which a drug will
not be beneficial & may be harmful.
Dependence - ANSWERState in which a person's body has adapted physiologically &
psychologically to a drug & cannot function w/o it.
Distribution - ANSWERProcess by which a drug moves from the blood into other
body fluids & tissues & ultimately to its site(s) of action.
Dose - ANSWERQuantity of a drug administered at one time.
Drug Abuse - ANSWERUse of a drug for purposes other than those prescribed &/or in
amounts that were not directed. This is often linked to addiction.
Drug Interaction - ANSWERWhen a drug is affected in some way by another drug,
foods, or other substances, such as when enzymes that metabolize the drug are
induced or inhibited.
Drug Interaction Relationship: Addition - ANSWERThe combined effect of 2 drugs is
equal to the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone.
Drug Interaction Relationship: Antagonism - ANSWERThe action of 1 drug negates
the action of a 2nd drug.
Drug Interaction Relationship: Potentiation - ANSWER1 drug increases or prolongs
the action of another drug, & the total effect is greater than the sum of the effects of
each drug used alone - drug potency is increased.
Drug Interaction Relationship: Synergism - ANSWERThe combined effect of 2 drugs is
more intense or longer in duration than the sum of their individual effects. Drugs
that work in combination like this are usually prescribed together.
Enzymes, Nucleic Acids, Receptors, & Transport Proteins - ANSWERTypes of specific
body molecules that drugs can combine w/.
Duration Of Action - ANSWERLength of time a drug gives the desired
response/remains at the therapeutic level.
,Elimination - ANSWERRemoval of a drug or the drugs metabolites from the body by
excretion.
First-Order - ANSWERDrugs for which the rate of elimination is concentration
dependent (as opposed to ____ _ _____).
First-Pass Effect - ANSWERExtent to which a drug is metabolized by the liver before
reaching full body circulation. This can substantially decrease bioavailability of
certain drugs when administered orally, in which case administration by injection is
required.
Half-Life - ANSWERTime necessary for the body to eliminate half of the drug in the
body @ any 1 time (written as T 1/2).
Homeostasis - ANSWERMaintenance of stability in the internal environment of the
body.
Induction - ANSWERProcess by which a drug increases the concentration of certain
enzymes that affect the pharmacologic response to other drugs.
Inhibition - ANSWERProcess by which a drug blocks enzyme activity & impairs the
metabolism of another drug.
Interaction - ANSWERChange in the action of a drug caused by another drug, food, or
another substance, such as alcohol or nicotine.
Lipid - ANSWERFatty molecule - An important constituent of cell membranes; they
generally repel water.
Local Effect - ANSWERAction of a drug that is confined to a specific part of the body.
Loading Dose - ANSWERAmt of a drug that will bring the blood concentration rapidly
to a therapeutic level.
Maintenance Dose - ANSWERAmt of a drug administered at regular intervals to keep
the blood concentration @ a therapeutic level. An important factor in determining
this, is a drug's clearance rate.
Metabolic Pathway - ANSWERSequence of chemical steps that convert a drug tinto a
metabolite.
Metabolism - ANSWERProcess by which drugs are chemically converted to other
compounds.
Metabolite - ANSWERSubstance into which a drug is chemically converted in the
body.
, Peak - ANSWERTop or upper limit of a drug's concentration in the blood.
Pharmacokinetic Modeling - ANSWERMethod of describing the process of
absorption, distribution, metabolism, & elimination (ADME) of drug w/i the body
mathematically.
Pharmacokinetics - ANSWERActivity of a drug w/i the body over a period of time;
includes absorption, distribution, metabolism, & elimination (ADME).
Prophylaxis - ANSWEREffect of a drug in preventing infection or disease.
Pruritus - ANSWERItching Sensation.
Receptor - ANSWERProtein molecule on the surface of or w/i a cell that recognizes &
binds w/ specific molecules, thereby producing some effect w/i the cell.
Side Effect - ANSWERSecondary response to a drug other than the primary
therapeutic effect for which the drug was inteneded.
Solubility - ANSWERAbility of a drug to dissolve in body fluids.
Specificity - ANSWERProperty of a cell receptor that enables it to bind only w/ a
specific chemical messenger complementary to the structure of the receptor.
Systemic Effect - ANSWERAction of a drug that has generalized - the all-inclusive
effect of the drug on the body.
Therapeutic Effect - ANSWERDesired action of a drug in the treatment of a particular
disease , state, or symptom.
Therapeutic Level - ANSWERAmount of a drug in the blood @ which beneficial
effects occur. The amt. of time required to achieve this can be shortened by
administering a loading dose.
Therapeutic Range - ANSWEROptimum Dosage, providing the best chance for
achieving the most effective & desired action... Dosing below this range has little
effect, while dosing above this level (overdosing) can lead to toxicity & death.
Tolerance - ANSWERDecrease in response to the effects of a drug as it continues to
be administered.
Trough - ANSWERLowest level of a drug in the blood.
Urticaria - ANSWERHives, itching sensation.
Volume Of Distribution - ANSWERmathematical relationship betw. the blood
concentration attained & the amt. of drug administered.
