What are the major elements in living organisms? - ANSWER C, H, O, N
What are the minor elements in living organisms? - ANSWER P, Na, K, Ca,
Mg, S, Cl
What are trace elements in living organisms? - ANSWER Fe, Zn, Cu
What are the 4 types of chemical bonds? - ANSWER 1. Covalent
2. Ionic
3. Hydrogen Bonds
4. Weak Non-Polar Interactions
- van der Waals
- hydrophobic interactions
What are the 5 unique properties of water? - ANSWER 1.
Cohesiveness/adhesiveness
2. High heat capacity
3. High heat of vaporisation
4. Expansion upon freezing
5. Versatility as a solvent
What is a Bronsted Acid?
What is an Bronsted Base? - ANSWER Acid = proton donor
Base = proton acceptor
How do you calculate pH? - ANSWER -log[H3O+]
What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation? - ANSWER pH = pKa + log[A-
]/[HA]
,How do you calculate the buffer range of a solution? - ANSWER pKa +/- 1
What is the carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system? What are its benefits? -
ANSWER CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> HCO3- + H+
pKa = 6.1, but CO2 can be removed or retained by respiration which can shift
equilibrium.
Oxidation Levels of Carbon - ANSWER Reduced -> Oxidized
Alkane, Alcohol, Aldehyde, Ketone, Carboxylic Acid, Carbon Dioxide
Catabolism - ANSWER releases energy by oxidizing carbon atoms by moving
them to a higher oxidation state
Anabolism - ANSWER uses energy to reduce carbon atoms by moving them
to a lower oxidation state
Reduced carbon - ANSWER contains energy that the cell can use. because it is
fully reduced, it can be oxidized by using oxygen as the oxidizing agent and
thus release the energy
Oxidized carbon - ANSWER has no energy that the cell can capture, only
plants can extract energy and convert it to food source (photosynthesis)
Stereoisomers - ANSWER D (R in organic chemistry) and L (S in organic
chemistry)
L is the preferred form in nature
Non-Polar Amino Acids - ANSWER Alanine (Ala)
Valine (Val)
Leucine (Leu)
IsoLuecine (Ile)
Methionine (Met)
Proline (Pro)
Phenylalanine (Phe)
Tryptophan (Trp)
, What is the pKa of Cysteine? - ANSWER 8.3
What is the pKa of Aspartic Acid? - ANSWER 4.1
What is the pKa of Glutamic Acid? - ANSWER 4.1
What is the pKa of Tyrosine? - ANSWER 10.9
What is the pKa of Histidine? - ANSWER 6.0
What is the pKa of Lysine? - ANSWER 10.8
What is the pKa of Arginine? - ANSWER 12.5
What amino acid can form Disulfide bonds? - ANSWER Cysteine
What is the charge of an amino acid at...
1. pH 7
2. pH 1
3. pH 11 - ANSWER 1. 0 (Zwitter ion)
2. +1
3. -1
What is an essential amino acid? - ANSWER It is an amino acid that cannot by
synthesized by the organism and therefore is needed to be obtained through the
diet.
How does a peptide bond form? - ANSWER Through a condensation reaction
which requires energy, enzymes, activated precursors + catalysis
Planar Peptide Bonds - ANSWER Because of double bond character between
C and O and C and N in a peptide, the alpha carbon (one with R group) can
swivel.
(Nth)peptide - ANSWER 20^n unique sequences
Protein structure levels. - ANSWER Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary
What are the minor elements in living organisms? - ANSWER P, Na, K, Ca,
Mg, S, Cl
What are trace elements in living organisms? - ANSWER Fe, Zn, Cu
What are the 4 types of chemical bonds? - ANSWER 1. Covalent
2. Ionic
3. Hydrogen Bonds
4. Weak Non-Polar Interactions
- van der Waals
- hydrophobic interactions
What are the 5 unique properties of water? - ANSWER 1.
Cohesiveness/adhesiveness
2. High heat capacity
3. High heat of vaporisation
4. Expansion upon freezing
5. Versatility as a solvent
What is a Bronsted Acid?
What is an Bronsted Base? - ANSWER Acid = proton donor
Base = proton acceptor
How do you calculate pH? - ANSWER -log[H3O+]
What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation? - ANSWER pH = pKa + log[A-
]/[HA]
,How do you calculate the buffer range of a solution? - ANSWER pKa +/- 1
What is the carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system? What are its benefits? -
ANSWER CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> HCO3- + H+
pKa = 6.1, but CO2 can be removed or retained by respiration which can shift
equilibrium.
Oxidation Levels of Carbon - ANSWER Reduced -> Oxidized
Alkane, Alcohol, Aldehyde, Ketone, Carboxylic Acid, Carbon Dioxide
Catabolism - ANSWER releases energy by oxidizing carbon atoms by moving
them to a higher oxidation state
Anabolism - ANSWER uses energy to reduce carbon atoms by moving them
to a lower oxidation state
Reduced carbon - ANSWER contains energy that the cell can use. because it is
fully reduced, it can be oxidized by using oxygen as the oxidizing agent and
thus release the energy
Oxidized carbon - ANSWER has no energy that the cell can capture, only
plants can extract energy and convert it to food source (photosynthesis)
Stereoisomers - ANSWER D (R in organic chemistry) and L (S in organic
chemistry)
L is the preferred form in nature
Non-Polar Amino Acids - ANSWER Alanine (Ala)
Valine (Val)
Leucine (Leu)
IsoLuecine (Ile)
Methionine (Met)
Proline (Pro)
Phenylalanine (Phe)
Tryptophan (Trp)
, What is the pKa of Cysteine? - ANSWER 8.3
What is the pKa of Aspartic Acid? - ANSWER 4.1
What is the pKa of Glutamic Acid? - ANSWER 4.1
What is the pKa of Tyrosine? - ANSWER 10.9
What is the pKa of Histidine? - ANSWER 6.0
What is the pKa of Lysine? - ANSWER 10.8
What is the pKa of Arginine? - ANSWER 12.5
What amino acid can form Disulfide bonds? - ANSWER Cysteine
What is the charge of an amino acid at...
1. pH 7
2. pH 1
3. pH 11 - ANSWER 1. 0 (Zwitter ion)
2. +1
3. -1
What is an essential amino acid? - ANSWER It is an amino acid that cannot by
synthesized by the organism and therefore is needed to be obtained through the
diet.
How does a peptide bond form? - ANSWER Through a condensation reaction
which requires energy, enzymes, activated precursors + catalysis
Planar Peptide Bonds - ANSWER Because of double bond character between
C and O and C and N in a peptide, the alpha carbon (one with R group) can
swivel.
(Nth)peptide - ANSWER 20^n unique sequences
Protein structure levels. - ANSWER Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary
