What are the major elements in living organisms? - ANSWER C, H, O,
N
What are the minor elements in living organisms? - ANSWER P, Na, K,
Ca, Mg, S, Cl
What are trace elements in living organisms? - ANSWER Fe, Zn, Cu
What are the 4 types of chemical bonds? - ANSWER 1. Covalent
2. Ionic
3. Hydrogen Bonds
4. Weak Non-Polar Interactions
- van der Waals
- hydrophobic interactions
What are the 5 unique properties of water? - ANSWER 1.
Cohesiveness/adhesiveness
2. High heat capacity
3. High heat of vaporization
4. Expansion upon freezing
5. Versatility as a solvent
What is a Bronsted Acid?
What is an Bronsted Base? - ANSWER Acid = proton donor
Base = proton acceptor
How do you calculate pH? - ANSWER -log[H3O+]
What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation? - ANSWER pH = pKa +
log[A-]/[HA]
, How do you calculate the buffer range of a solution? - ANSWER pKa
+/- 1
What is the carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system? What are its
benefits? - ANSWER CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> HCO3- + H+
pKa = 6.1, but CO2 can be removed or retained by respiration which can
shift equilibrium.
Oxidation Levels of Carbon - ANSWER Reduced -> Oxidized
Alkane, Alcohol, Aldehyde, Ketone, Carboxylic Acid, Carbon Dioxide
Catabolism - ANSWER releases energy by oxidizing carbon atoms by
moving them to a higher oxidation state
Anabolism - ANSWER uses energy to reduce carbon atoms by moving
them to a lower oxidation state
Reduced carbon - ANSWER contains energy that the cell can use.
because it is fully reduced, it can be oxidized by using oxygen as the
oxidizing agent and thus release the energy
Oxidized carbon - ANSWER has no energy that the cell can capture,
only plants can extract energy and convert it to food source
(photosynthesis)
Stereoisomers - ANSWER D (R in organic chemistry) and L (S in
organic chemistry)
L is the preferred form in nature
Non-Polar Amino Acids - ANSWER Alanine (Ala)
Valine (Val)
Leucine (Leu)
IsoLuecine (Ile)
Methionine (Met)
Proline (Pro)
Phenylalanine (Phe)
Tryptophan (Trp)
N
What are the minor elements in living organisms? - ANSWER P, Na, K,
Ca, Mg, S, Cl
What are trace elements in living organisms? - ANSWER Fe, Zn, Cu
What are the 4 types of chemical bonds? - ANSWER 1. Covalent
2. Ionic
3. Hydrogen Bonds
4. Weak Non-Polar Interactions
- van der Waals
- hydrophobic interactions
What are the 5 unique properties of water? - ANSWER 1.
Cohesiveness/adhesiveness
2. High heat capacity
3. High heat of vaporization
4. Expansion upon freezing
5. Versatility as a solvent
What is a Bronsted Acid?
What is an Bronsted Base? - ANSWER Acid = proton donor
Base = proton acceptor
How do you calculate pH? - ANSWER -log[H3O+]
What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation? - ANSWER pH = pKa +
log[A-]/[HA]
, How do you calculate the buffer range of a solution? - ANSWER pKa
+/- 1
What is the carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system? What are its
benefits? - ANSWER CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> HCO3- + H+
pKa = 6.1, but CO2 can be removed or retained by respiration which can
shift equilibrium.
Oxidation Levels of Carbon - ANSWER Reduced -> Oxidized
Alkane, Alcohol, Aldehyde, Ketone, Carboxylic Acid, Carbon Dioxide
Catabolism - ANSWER releases energy by oxidizing carbon atoms by
moving them to a higher oxidation state
Anabolism - ANSWER uses energy to reduce carbon atoms by moving
them to a lower oxidation state
Reduced carbon - ANSWER contains energy that the cell can use.
because it is fully reduced, it can be oxidized by using oxygen as the
oxidizing agent and thus release the energy
Oxidized carbon - ANSWER has no energy that the cell can capture,
only plants can extract energy and convert it to food source
(photosynthesis)
Stereoisomers - ANSWER D (R in organic chemistry) and L (S in
organic chemistry)
L is the preferred form in nature
Non-Polar Amino Acids - ANSWER Alanine (Ala)
Valine (Val)
Leucine (Leu)
IsoLuecine (Ile)
Methionine (Met)
Proline (Pro)
Phenylalanine (Phe)
Tryptophan (Trp)
