Proteins that can be classified according to the type and arrangement of
secondary structure - ANSWER (a) Antiparallel α-helix proteins
(b) Parallel or mixed β-sheet proteins
(c) Antiparallel β-sheet proteins
(d) Metal- and disulfide-rich proteins
Protein Domains or Modules - ANSWER amino acid sequences
that are used repeatedly in the same protein or that are
found in different proteins
How many protein domains? - ANSWER 40-100
Step 1 of Protein Folding - ANSWER A newly synthesized polypeptide first
forms segments
of secondary structure (α-helix and β-sheet)
step 2 of protein folding - ANSWER These coalesce into a globular structure,
primarily
through hydrophobic interactions
Step 3 of protein folding - ANSWER The final stable tertiary structure is
generated by small
adjustments to the folded structure
Step 4 of protein folding - ANSWER In the cell, protein folding may require
the assistance of
molecular chaperones
quaternary Structure - ANSWER refers to the association of protein subunits
to
form multi-subunit complexes
Monolayers and Micelles - ANSWER produced by amphipathic lipid
molecules
, interacting with water
Micelles - ANSWER lipid aggregates which have the hydrophobic tails in the
center and polar head groups facing outward
Bilayers - ANSWER produced spontaneously by certain lipids, particularly
phospholipids, instead of micelles
Bilayers - ANSWER Normally wrap around themselves to form closed
vesicles, which
can consist of multiple bilayers.
Liposomes - ANSWER Vesicles with a single lipid bilayer
Liposomes - ANSWER Can be used as drug or enzyme delivery systems in
therapeutic applications.
the phospholipid bilayer - ANSWER fluid supporting matrix for
membrane proteins, and both lipids and proteins are capable of
lateral and transverse movement.
Peripheral membrane proteins - ANSWER external to the lipid bilayer
Integral membrane proteins - ANSWER extend into or through the lipid
bilayer
Lipid-Anchored Membrane Proteins - ANSWER Membrane proteins are
covalently linked to lipid molecules.
Peptidoglycan - ANSWER the strong, protective peptide/
polysaccharide layer of bacterial cell walls
Gram-negative bacteria - ANSWER have the peptidoglycan layer
between two lipid bilayers
Gram-positive bacteria - ANSWER have a thicker peptidoglycan layer
external to a
single lipid bilayer.
secondary structure - ANSWER (a) Antiparallel α-helix proteins
(b) Parallel or mixed β-sheet proteins
(c) Antiparallel β-sheet proteins
(d) Metal- and disulfide-rich proteins
Protein Domains or Modules - ANSWER amino acid sequences
that are used repeatedly in the same protein or that are
found in different proteins
How many protein domains? - ANSWER 40-100
Step 1 of Protein Folding - ANSWER A newly synthesized polypeptide first
forms segments
of secondary structure (α-helix and β-sheet)
step 2 of protein folding - ANSWER These coalesce into a globular structure,
primarily
through hydrophobic interactions
Step 3 of protein folding - ANSWER The final stable tertiary structure is
generated by small
adjustments to the folded structure
Step 4 of protein folding - ANSWER In the cell, protein folding may require
the assistance of
molecular chaperones
quaternary Structure - ANSWER refers to the association of protein subunits
to
form multi-subunit complexes
Monolayers and Micelles - ANSWER produced by amphipathic lipid
molecules
, interacting with water
Micelles - ANSWER lipid aggregates which have the hydrophobic tails in the
center and polar head groups facing outward
Bilayers - ANSWER produced spontaneously by certain lipids, particularly
phospholipids, instead of micelles
Bilayers - ANSWER Normally wrap around themselves to form closed
vesicles, which
can consist of multiple bilayers.
Liposomes - ANSWER Vesicles with a single lipid bilayer
Liposomes - ANSWER Can be used as drug or enzyme delivery systems in
therapeutic applications.
the phospholipid bilayer - ANSWER fluid supporting matrix for
membrane proteins, and both lipids and proteins are capable of
lateral and transverse movement.
Peripheral membrane proteins - ANSWER external to the lipid bilayer
Integral membrane proteins - ANSWER extend into or through the lipid
bilayer
Lipid-Anchored Membrane Proteins - ANSWER Membrane proteins are
covalently linked to lipid molecules.
Peptidoglycan - ANSWER the strong, protective peptide/
polysaccharide layer of bacterial cell walls
Gram-negative bacteria - ANSWER have the peptidoglycan layer
between two lipid bilayers
Gram-positive bacteria - ANSWER have a thicker peptidoglycan layer
external to a
single lipid bilayer.
