Class Notes
Class: XII Topic: TRANSLATION
Subject: BIOLOGY
Translation
Translation process efers to the process of polymerization of amino acids to form a
polypeptide. The order and sequence of amino acids are defined by the sequence of bases in the
mRNA. The amino acids are joined by a bond which is known as a peptide bond. Formation of a peptide
bond requires energy.
Therefore, in the first phase itself amino acids are activated in the presence of ATP and
linked to their cognate tRNA – a process commonly called as charging of tRNA or
aminoacylation of tRNA to be more specific. If two such charged tRNAs are brought close enough, the
formation of peptide bond between them. tRNA - the adapter molecule would be favoured energetically. The
presence of a catalyst would enhance the rate of peptide bond formation.
The cellular factory responsible for synthesising proteins is the ribosome. The ribosome
consists of structural RNAs and about 80 different proteins. In its inactive state, it exists as two
subunits; a large subunit and a small subunit. When the small subunit encounters an mRNA,
the process of translation of the mRNA to protein begins. There are two sites in the large subunit, for
subsequent amino acids to bind to and thus, be close enough to each other for the formation of a
peptide bond. The ribosome also acts as a catalyst (23S rRNA in bacteria is the enzyme- ribozyme) for the
formation of peptide bond
A translational unit in mRNA is the sequence of RNA that is flanked by the start codon (AUG) and the
stop codon and codes for a polypeptide
An mRNA also has some additional sequences that are not translated and are referred as untranslated
regions (UTR). The UTRs are present at both 5' -end (before start codon) and at 3' -
end (after stop codon). They are required for efficient translation process
Translation has 3 steps
1. Initiation
For initiation, the ribosome binds to the mRNA at the start codon (AUG) that is recognised only by the initiator
tRNA
2. Elongation
The ribosome proceeds to the elongation phase of protein synthesis. During this stage, complexes composed
of an amino acid linked to tRNA, sequentially bind to the appropriate codon in mRNA by forming
complementary base pairs with the tRNA anticodon. The ribosome moves from codon to codon along the
mRNA. Amino acids are added one by one, translated into Polypeptide sequences dictated by DNA and
represented by mRNA
3. Termination
At the end, a release factor binds to the stop codon, terminating translation and releasing the complete
polypeptide from the ribosome
Class: XII Topic: TRANSLATION
Subject: BIOLOGY
Translation
Translation process efers to the process of polymerization of amino acids to form a
polypeptide. The order and sequence of amino acids are defined by the sequence of bases in the
mRNA. The amino acids are joined by a bond which is known as a peptide bond. Formation of a peptide
bond requires energy.
Therefore, in the first phase itself amino acids are activated in the presence of ATP and
linked to their cognate tRNA – a process commonly called as charging of tRNA or
aminoacylation of tRNA to be more specific. If two such charged tRNAs are brought close enough, the
formation of peptide bond between them. tRNA - the adapter molecule would be favoured energetically. The
presence of a catalyst would enhance the rate of peptide bond formation.
The cellular factory responsible for synthesising proteins is the ribosome. The ribosome
consists of structural RNAs and about 80 different proteins. In its inactive state, it exists as two
subunits; a large subunit and a small subunit. When the small subunit encounters an mRNA,
the process of translation of the mRNA to protein begins. There are two sites in the large subunit, for
subsequent amino acids to bind to and thus, be close enough to each other for the formation of a
peptide bond. The ribosome also acts as a catalyst (23S rRNA in bacteria is the enzyme- ribozyme) for the
formation of peptide bond
A translational unit in mRNA is the sequence of RNA that is flanked by the start codon (AUG) and the
stop codon and codes for a polypeptide
An mRNA also has some additional sequences that are not translated and are referred as untranslated
regions (UTR). The UTRs are present at both 5' -end (before start codon) and at 3' -
end (after stop codon). They are required for efficient translation process
Translation has 3 steps
1. Initiation
For initiation, the ribosome binds to the mRNA at the start codon (AUG) that is recognised only by the initiator
tRNA
2. Elongation
The ribosome proceeds to the elongation phase of protein synthesis. During this stage, complexes composed
of an amino acid linked to tRNA, sequentially bind to the appropriate codon in mRNA by forming
complementary base pairs with the tRNA anticodon. The ribosome moves from codon to codon along the
mRNA. Amino acids are added one by one, translated into Polypeptide sequences dictated by DNA and
represented by mRNA
3. Termination
At the end, a release factor binds to the stop codon, terminating translation and releasing the complete
polypeptide from the ribosome
