MIP302 FINAL EXAM WITH CORRECT
ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECTLY
WELL DEFINED ANSWERS LATEST 2024 –
2025 ALREADY GRADED A+
antibody, antigen - ANSWERS-during an infection, an _____ is made in response
to the presence of an _____
antigen - ANSWERS-substance capable of inducing a specific immunity response
antigen/antibody complex - ANSWERS-formed when free antibody binds with the
antigen
immunoassays - ANSWERS-utilize the formation of antigen-antibody complexes to
detect a particular antigen or a specific antibody
ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assays) - ANSWERS-rapid tests, have either
a target antigen or a capture antibody bound to solid matrix, contains enzyme
reporter system that produces a colored product when the appropriate substrate
is added
,"enzyme label" - ANSWERS-attached to an antibody that will eventually bind to a
target antigen (directly or indirectly) through an antibody-antibody complex. Only
the wells that contain the labeled enzyme will change color when the substrate is
added
DIRECT ELISA - ANSWERS-these are used to detect the presence of a particular
antigen in a sample. The target antigen is coated directly onto a solid matrix. the
antibody carrying the reporter enzyme is bound directly to the target antigen
Selective media - ANSWERS-allows for certain types of bacteria to grow (inhibits
others)
Aerobic bacteria - ANSWERS-require atmospheric oxygen
microaerophilic bacteria - ANSWERS-Require atmospheric oxygen but at reduced
levels
facultative anaerobes - ANSWERS-Grow with or without oxygen (better with
oxygen)
thermophiles - ANSWERS-bacteria that live in environments with elevated
temperatures (above 131°F)
,super/hyper thermophile - ANSWERS-bacteria that live in environments with
extremely elevated temperatures (above 300°F)
Differential Media - ANSWERS-allows for growth of bacteria, but differentiates
bacteria based on some characteristic appearance on a media type
obligate anaerobe - ANSWERS-grow in absense of atmospheric oxygen
Ambient air - ANSWERS-Normal air
candle jar - ANSWERS-reduced levels of O2, higher levels of CO2
GasPak - ANSWERS-reduced environment (devoid of O2)
Redox indicators for Gaspak and Candle jar - ANSWERS-Redox indicator
methylene blue (blue when oxidized, white in reduced state)
Catalase Test - ANSWERS-To see if bacteria produces enzyme catalase; add 3%
H2O2 to a DRY smear of bacteria; produces bubbles=(+); delayed/no bubbles=(-)
Oxidase Test - ANSWERS-To see if bacteria produces cytochrome oxidase (uses
cytochrome C and cytocrhome oxidase in ETC); uses Oxidrop as reagent;
blue/maroon=oxidized, (+); colorless= reduced, (-); 3 MIN
, PR Glucose Broth - ANSWERS-Testing for glucose fermentation; Differential media
(ability to ferment carb); phenol red indicator (yellow in acidic, red in basic);
contains peptone and beef extract in PR broth; Durham tube put in tube to catch
gas; yellow=(+); red=(-); 18-24 hours
Nitrate Broth - ANSWERS-Differential media [ability to reduce nitrate (NO3) to
nitrite (NO2)] using anaerobic resp.; Nitrate A and Nitrate B reagents (react w/
nitrite--> red); RESULTS: red during first round, (+) nitrate reductase, (-) nitrite
reductase; Colorless during first round, inconclusive, add zinc; Red during second
round (Nitrate A, B, and zinc) (-) for nitrate and nitrite reductase; Colorless during
second round (+) nitrate and nitrite reductase; 48 HOURS
MacConkey Agar - ANSWERS-To test for lactose fermentation of Gram (-) rods;
differential media (lactose fermentation); selective media (grows Gram - enteric
bacilli, inhibits Gram - cocci and Gram +); neutral red reagent (red in acidic, yellow
in basic); contains peptone and beef extract; RESULTS: red/dark-pink colonies
surrounded by zone of bile salt, strong lactose fermenter; colorless colonies, do
not ferment lactose; if no growth, cannot make conclusions about lactose
fermentation; 18-24 HOURS
Phenylethyl Alcohol (PEA) Agar - ANSWERS-Test for Gram (+) growth; Selective
(selective component 1/4 phenylethyl OH); not as stringent as MacConkey;
RESULTS: growth, most likely Gram (+) but have to do a Gram stain to check; 18-
24 HOURS
Blood Agar (BAP) - ANSWERS-Used to cultivate medically significant bacteria; all-
purpose media; differential (ability to hemolyze red blood cells); includes TSA and
ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECTLY
WELL DEFINED ANSWERS LATEST 2024 –
2025 ALREADY GRADED A+
antibody, antigen - ANSWERS-during an infection, an _____ is made in response
to the presence of an _____
antigen - ANSWERS-substance capable of inducing a specific immunity response
antigen/antibody complex - ANSWERS-formed when free antibody binds with the
antigen
immunoassays - ANSWERS-utilize the formation of antigen-antibody complexes to
detect a particular antigen or a specific antibody
ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assays) - ANSWERS-rapid tests, have either
a target antigen or a capture antibody bound to solid matrix, contains enzyme
reporter system that produces a colored product when the appropriate substrate
is added
,"enzyme label" - ANSWERS-attached to an antibody that will eventually bind to a
target antigen (directly or indirectly) through an antibody-antibody complex. Only
the wells that contain the labeled enzyme will change color when the substrate is
added
DIRECT ELISA - ANSWERS-these are used to detect the presence of a particular
antigen in a sample. The target antigen is coated directly onto a solid matrix. the
antibody carrying the reporter enzyme is bound directly to the target antigen
Selective media - ANSWERS-allows for certain types of bacteria to grow (inhibits
others)
Aerobic bacteria - ANSWERS-require atmospheric oxygen
microaerophilic bacteria - ANSWERS-Require atmospheric oxygen but at reduced
levels
facultative anaerobes - ANSWERS-Grow with or without oxygen (better with
oxygen)
thermophiles - ANSWERS-bacteria that live in environments with elevated
temperatures (above 131°F)
,super/hyper thermophile - ANSWERS-bacteria that live in environments with
extremely elevated temperatures (above 300°F)
Differential Media - ANSWERS-allows for growth of bacteria, but differentiates
bacteria based on some characteristic appearance on a media type
obligate anaerobe - ANSWERS-grow in absense of atmospheric oxygen
Ambient air - ANSWERS-Normal air
candle jar - ANSWERS-reduced levels of O2, higher levels of CO2
GasPak - ANSWERS-reduced environment (devoid of O2)
Redox indicators for Gaspak and Candle jar - ANSWERS-Redox indicator
methylene blue (blue when oxidized, white in reduced state)
Catalase Test - ANSWERS-To see if bacteria produces enzyme catalase; add 3%
H2O2 to a DRY smear of bacteria; produces bubbles=(+); delayed/no bubbles=(-)
Oxidase Test - ANSWERS-To see if bacteria produces cytochrome oxidase (uses
cytochrome C and cytocrhome oxidase in ETC); uses Oxidrop as reagent;
blue/maroon=oxidized, (+); colorless= reduced, (-); 3 MIN
, PR Glucose Broth - ANSWERS-Testing for glucose fermentation; Differential media
(ability to ferment carb); phenol red indicator (yellow in acidic, red in basic);
contains peptone and beef extract in PR broth; Durham tube put in tube to catch
gas; yellow=(+); red=(-); 18-24 hours
Nitrate Broth - ANSWERS-Differential media [ability to reduce nitrate (NO3) to
nitrite (NO2)] using anaerobic resp.; Nitrate A and Nitrate B reagents (react w/
nitrite--> red); RESULTS: red during first round, (+) nitrate reductase, (-) nitrite
reductase; Colorless during first round, inconclusive, add zinc; Red during second
round (Nitrate A, B, and zinc) (-) for nitrate and nitrite reductase; Colorless during
second round (+) nitrate and nitrite reductase; 48 HOURS
MacConkey Agar - ANSWERS-To test for lactose fermentation of Gram (-) rods;
differential media (lactose fermentation); selective media (grows Gram - enteric
bacilli, inhibits Gram - cocci and Gram +); neutral red reagent (red in acidic, yellow
in basic); contains peptone and beef extract; RESULTS: red/dark-pink colonies
surrounded by zone of bile salt, strong lactose fermenter; colorless colonies, do
not ferment lactose; if no growth, cannot make conclusions about lactose
fermentation; 18-24 HOURS
Phenylethyl Alcohol (PEA) Agar - ANSWERS-Test for Gram (+) growth; Selective
(selective component 1/4 phenylethyl OH); not as stringent as MacConkey;
RESULTS: growth, most likely Gram (+) but have to do a Gram stain to check; 18-
24 HOURS
Blood Agar (BAP) - ANSWERS-Used to cultivate medically significant bacteria; all-
purpose media; differential (ability to hemolyze red blood cells); includes TSA and
