COGNATIVE NEUROSCIENCE FINAL EXAM WITH QUESTIONS ANSWERS (100% SOLVED)
Cognitive Neuroscience - ✔✔✔–Study of the brain and how it relates to complex
thoughts and behaviors
Neurons - ✔✔✔–Cells that carry information from one place to another
Sensory Neurons - ✔✔✔–Bring information to the central nervous system
Interneurons - ✔✔✔–associate information within the central nervous system
Motor neurons - ✔✔✔–send information from the brain and spinal cord (CNS) to the
muscles
Three main parts of neurons - ✔✔✔–Cell body, Axon, and Dendritic Tree
Cell body - ✔✔✔–Contains the nucleus and other cellular machinery necessary for cell
functioning
Axon - ✔✔✔–Carries information from the cell body to the synapse
Dendritic Tree - ✔✔✔–receives input from the other cells or neurons
Glia or Glial Cells - ✔✔✔–Serve as "support cells" and do not convey info like neurons,
but do have many functions
4 main functions of Glia - ✔✔✔–1. They can modify environment for neurons
2. They can remove dead neurons
3. Some Glial cells myelinate axons
4. Some Glial cells help maintain the blood/brain barrier
Gray matter - ✔✔✔–Is made of Neuronal cell bodies (pink part of the brain)
White matter - ✔✔✔–Lots of myelination from glial cells; areas of the brain that are
connecting neurons to other neurons (whitish part)
Central Nervous system - ✔✔✔–brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous system - ✔✔✔–All neural tissue beyond the central nervous
system. Neurons that relay information to and from CNS
Anterior - ✔✔✔–The front of the brain
Posterior - ✔✔✔–Back of the brain
Superior - ✔✔✔–Top of the brain
Inferior - ✔✔✔–Bottom of the brain
,COGNATIVE NEUROSCIENCE FINAL EXAM WITH QUESTIONS ANSWERS (100% SOLVED)
Rostral - ✔✔✔–Towards the front/head
Caudal - ✔✔✔–Towards the back/tail
Dorsal - ✔✔✔–Above and towards the back
Ventral - ✔✔✔–Below towards the belly
Proximal - ✔✔✔–Means near when referring to the body midline
Distal - ✔✔✔–Means far when referring to the body midline
Bilateral - ✔✔✔–both sides of the brain
Unilateral - ✔✔✔–one side of the brain
Ipsilateral - ✔✔✔–Means same side of the brain
contralateral - ✔✔✔–means opposite side of the brain
Coronal way of cutting the brain - ✔✔✔–Brain is separated from top to bottom (ear muff
orientation)
Horizontal or Axial - ✔✔✔–Separated from front to back (sweat band orientation)
Sagittal - ✔✔✔–Brain is separated from left to right
Medial or midsagittal - ✔✔✔–Middle of the brain
Ventricles - ✔✔✔–fluid filled spaces in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid that
cushions the brain
Lateral ventricles - ✔✔✔–Most prominent. Left and right are separated by tissue
Third Ventricle - ✔✔✔–situated at the midline between right and left thalamus
Fourth ventricle - ✔✔✔–Diamond shaped, and it is behind the pons and medulla
Spinal cord - ✔✔✔–Brings input from peripheral sensory organs to the brain. Also
sends information out. Sends motor commands to the muscles.
Spinal Column - ✔✔✔–bony structure housing the spinal cord
Medulla - ✔✔✔–Controls breathing and heart rate. contains most of the cell bodies of
the cranial nerves
, COGNATIVE NEUROSCIENCE FINAL EXAM WITH QUESTIONS ANSWERS (100% SOLVED)
Cranial nerves - ✔✔✔–Cranial nerves exchange information between the brain and
parts of the body, primarily to and from regions of the head and neck. Responsible for
some reception of sensory information and motor control of the head. Others are
responsible for the neural control of internal organs
Reticular Activating system - ✔✔✔–Neurons that receive input from the cranial nerves
and send input to other regions of the brain. Important for arousal, attention, and sleep
Cerebellum - ✔✔✔–Important for movement, balance, posture control (Lateral
cerebellum might be important for cognitive processing)
Pons - ✔✔✔–Role in eye movement and balance. It is the point of synapse (point of
connection between neurons) of some of the cranial nerves. (It is the "Adams apple" of
the brainstem)
Superior Olive - ✔✔✔–One of the points through which auditory information is relayed
form an ear to the brain
Midbrain (what does it contain?) - ✔✔✔–Contains superior colliculus (important for
visual system) and the inferior colliculus (important in the auditory system)
Foveation - ✔✔✔–Superior Colliculus is capable of finding large objects moving
towards you and make them the center of your vision
Thalamus - ✔✔✔–Relay center for almost all sensory information coming back into the
cortex and almost all information leaving it. Responsible for consciousness, sleep, and
sensory interpretation.
Hypothalamus (what does it produce?) - ✔✔✔–Responsible for Hormone production.
The hormones produce govern body temperature, thirst, hunger, sleep, circadian
rhythm, moods, sex drive, and the release of other hormones in the body.
Corpus Callosum (what type of matter) - ✔✔✔–part of the brain that connects the left
and right hemispheres. It is made up of white matter
Subcortical - ✔✔✔–Refers to structures (and systems) that are below the cortex and
more internal
Basal Ganglia - ✔✔✔–Structures that work together and are important for voluntary
movements. Can increase/decrease motor output.
Three main structures of the Basal Ganglia - ✔✔✔–Caudate nucleus (receives info from
cortex), Putamen (also receives info from cortex), Globus pallidus (send info to the
thalamus).
Cognitive Neuroscience - ✔✔✔–Study of the brain and how it relates to complex
thoughts and behaviors
Neurons - ✔✔✔–Cells that carry information from one place to another
Sensory Neurons - ✔✔✔–Bring information to the central nervous system
Interneurons - ✔✔✔–associate information within the central nervous system
Motor neurons - ✔✔✔–send information from the brain and spinal cord (CNS) to the
muscles
Three main parts of neurons - ✔✔✔–Cell body, Axon, and Dendritic Tree
Cell body - ✔✔✔–Contains the nucleus and other cellular machinery necessary for cell
functioning
Axon - ✔✔✔–Carries information from the cell body to the synapse
Dendritic Tree - ✔✔✔–receives input from the other cells or neurons
Glia or Glial Cells - ✔✔✔–Serve as "support cells" and do not convey info like neurons,
but do have many functions
4 main functions of Glia - ✔✔✔–1. They can modify environment for neurons
2. They can remove dead neurons
3. Some Glial cells myelinate axons
4. Some Glial cells help maintain the blood/brain barrier
Gray matter - ✔✔✔–Is made of Neuronal cell bodies (pink part of the brain)
White matter - ✔✔✔–Lots of myelination from glial cells; areas of the brain that are
connecting neurons to other neurons (whitish part)
Central Nervous system - ✔✔✔–brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous system - ✔✔✔–All neural tissue beyond the central nervous
system. Neurons that relay information to and from CNS
Anterior - ✔✔✔–The front of the brain
Posterior - ✔✔✔–Back of the brain
Superior - ✔✔✔–Top of the brain
Inferior - ✔✔✔–Bottom of the brain
,COGNATIVE NEUROSCIENCE FINAL EXAM WITH QUESTIONS ANSWERS (100% SOLVED)
Rostral - ✔✔✔–Towards the front/head
Caudal - ✔✔✔–Towards the back/tail
Dorsal - ✔✔✔–Above and towards the back
Ventral - ✔✔✔–Below towards the belly
Proximal - ✔✔✔–Means near when referring to the body midline
Distal - ✔✔✔–Means far when referring to the body midline
Bilateral - ✔✔✔–both sides of the brain
Unilateral - ✔✔✔–one side of the brain
Ipsilateral - ✔✔✔–Means same side of the brain
contralateral - ✔✔✔–means opposite side of the brain
Coronal way of cutting the brain - ✔✔✔–Brain is separated from top to bottom (ear muff
orientation)
Horizontal or Axial - ✔✔✔–Separated from front to back (sweat band orientation)
Sagittal - ✔✔✔–Brain is separated from left to right
Medial or midsagittal - ✔✔✔–Middle of the brain
Ventricles - ✔✔✔–fluid filled spaces in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid that
cushions the brain
Lateral ventricles - ✔✔✔–Most prominent. Left and right are separated by tissue
Third Ventricle - ✔✔✔–situated at the midline between right and left thalamus
Fourth ventricle - ✔✔✔–Diamond shaped, and it is behind the pons and medulla
Spinal cord - ✔✔✔–Brings input from peripheral sensory organs to the brain. Also
sends information out. Sends motor commands to the muscles.
Spinal Column - ✔✔✔–bony structure housing the spinal cord
Medulla - ✔✔✔–Controls breathing and heart rate. contains most of the cell bodies of
the cranial nerves
, COGNATIVE NEUROSCIENCE FINAL EXAM WITH QUESTIONS ANSWERS (100% SOLVED)
Cranial nerves - ✔✔✔–Cranial nerves exchange information between the brain and
parts of the body, primarily to and from regions of the head and neck. Responsible for
some reception of sensory information and motor control of the head. Others are
responsible for the neural control of internal organs
Reticular Activating system - ✔✔✔–Neurons that receive input from the cranial nerves
and send input to other regions of the brain. Important for arousal, attention, and sleep
Cerebellum - ✔✔✔–Important for movement, balance, posture control (Lateral
cerebellum might be important for cognitive processing)
Pons - ✔✔✔–Role in eye movement and balance. It is the point of synapse (point of
connection between neurons) of some of the cranial nerves. (It is the "Adams apple" of
the brainstem)
Superior Olive - ✔✔✔–One of the points through which auditory information is relayed
form an ear to the brain
Midbrain (what does it contain?) - ✔✔✔–Contains superior colliculus (important for
visual system) and the inferior colliculus (important in the auditory system)
Foveation - ✔✔✔–Superior Colliculus is capable of finding large objects moving
towards you and make them the center of your vision
Thalamus - ✔✔✔–Relay center for almost all sensory information coming back into the
cortex and almost all information leaving it. Responsible for consciousness, sleep, and
sensory interpretation.
Hypothalamus (what does it produce?) - ✔✔✔–Responsible for Hormone production.
The hormones produce govern body temperature, thirst, hunger, sleep, circadian
rhythm, moods, sex drive, and the release of other hormones in the body.
Corpus Callosum (what type of matter) - ✔✔✔–part of the brain that connects the left
and right hemispheres. It is made up of white matter
Subcortical - ✔✔✔–Refers to structures (and systems) that are below the cortex and
more internal
Basal Ganglia - ✔✔✔–Structures that work together and are important for voluntary
movements. Can increase/decrease motor output.
Three main structures of the Basal Ganglia - ✔✔✔–Caudate nucleus (receives info from
cortex), Putamen (also receives info from cortex), Globus pallidus (send info to the
thalamus).
