MSN 571 PHARM MIDTERM EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS || 100%
GUARANTEED PASS!!
<RECENT VERSION>
1. Lithium - ANSWER ✔ check NA levels 2x per week until therapeutic levels
and then monthly
2. ED50 - ANSWER ✔ defined therapeutic response in 50% of the population
3. Pharma cogenetics - ANSWER ✔ the study of genetic factors that influence
an individuals response to a specific drug
4. Pharmacogenomics - ANSWER ✔ the study of how genetics play a role in a
person’s response to drugs
5. Hyperlipidemia - ANSWER ✔ Elevated blood cholesterol levels
6. First line therapy - ANSWER ✔ Initial treatment option
7. How does age-related acidity decline in the stomach affect medication
absorption? - ANSWER ✔ Absorption of some medications is affected by
age-related acidity declines in the stomach.
8. How do age-related changes in total body water and serum albumin levels
affect medication distribution? - ANSWER ✔ Age-related changes such as
, decreased total body water and low serum albumin levels affect medication
distribution, predisposing older adults to toxicity.
9. How does decreased liver mass and blood flow affect medication
metabolism? - ANSWER ✔ Decreased liver mass and blood flow alter
medication metabolism, making more medication available in the
bloodstream and predisposing older adults to toxicity.
10.How does variable renal function due to normal aging affect the elimination
of medications? - ANSWER ✔ Eliminating medications by the kidneys is
affected by variable renal function due to normal aging.
11.What are the consequences of declines in neurotransmitters such as
acetylcholine and dopamine associated with normal aging? - ANSWER ✔
Declines in neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and dopamine associated
with normal aging can lead to increased toxicity.
12.What are the effects of diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's on
neurotransmitter loss? - ANSWER ✔ Diseases like Alzheimer's and
Parkinson's cause neurotransmitter loss, compounding the problem and
leading to increased toxicity.
13.What are the side effects of anticholinergic medications in older adults? -
ANSWER ✔ Anticholinergic medications cause dry mouth, urinary
retention, confusion, and impaired cognition in older adults.
14.What is the purpose of the Beers Criteria? - ANSWER ✔ To decrease
inappropriate medication use in the elderly.
15.What are some common medications included in the Beers Criteria? -
ANSWER ✔ Benzodiazepines, first-generation antihistamines, tricyclic
antidepressants, and NSAIDs.
16.What are the risks associated with benzodiazepines? - ANSWER ✔
Cognitive impairment, delirium, falls, fractures, and motor vehicle accidents.
17.What are the risks associated with first-generation antihistamines? -
ANSWER ✔ Confusion, dry mouth, constipation, and other anticholinergic
, symptoms such as drowsiness, somnolence, blurred vision, urinary retention,
dry mouth, dizziness, constipation, and confusion.
18.What are the risks associated with tricyclic antidepressants? - ANSWER ✔
Sedation, orthostatic hypotension, and anticholinergic symptoms.
19.What are the risks associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs)? - ANSWER ✔ GI bleeding and ulcers.
20.Give examples of benzodiazepines included in the Beers Criteria. -
ANSWER ✔ Lorazepam and diazepam.
21.Give examples of first-generation antihistamines included in the Beers
Criteria. - ANSWER ✔ Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) and hydroxyzine.
22.Give examples of tricyclic antidepressants included in the Beers Criteria. -
ANSWER ✔ Amitriptyline and nortriptyline.
23.Give examples of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) included
in the Beers Criteria. - ANSWER ✔ Ibuprofen and naproxen.
24.What are some changes in pharmacokinetics during pregnancy? - ANSWER
✔ Increases in drug-metabolizing enzymes, altered body composition, organ
blood flow, and increased glomerular filtration rate.
25.How does increased elimination affect drug exposure during pregnancy? -
ANSWER ✔ Increased elimination results in decreased drug exposure.
26.What can pregnancy cause in terms of medication levels? - ANSWER ✔
Pregnancy can produce decreased medication levels for medications
requiring therapeutic monitoring regarding dose alterations despite
adherence to the prescribed regimen.
27.What types of medications do pregnant women take? - ANSWER ✔
Pregnant women take various over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription
medications.
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS || 100%
GUARANTEED PASS!!
<RECENT VERSION>
1. Lithium - ANSWER ✔ check NA levels 2x per week until therapeutic levels
and then monthly
2. ED50 - ANSWER ✔ defined therapeutic response in 50% of the population
3. Pharma cogenetics - ANSWER ✔ the study of genetic factors that influence
an individuals response to a specific drug
4. Pharmacogenomics - ANSWER ✔ the study of how genetics play a role in a
person’s response to drugs
5. Hyperlipidemia - ANSWER ✔ Elevated blood cholesterol levels
6. First line therapy - ANSWER ✔ Initial treatment option
7. How does age-related acidity decline in the stomach affect medication
absorption? - ANSWER ✔ Absorption of some medications is affected by
age-related acidity declines in the stomach.
8. How do age-related changes in total body water and serum albumin levels
affect medication distribution? - ANSWER ✔ Age-related changes such as
, decreased total body water and low serum albumin levels affect medication
distribution, predisposing older adults to toxicity.
9. How does decreased liver mass and blood flow affect medication
metabolism? - ANSWER ✔ Decreased liver mass and blood flow alter
medication metabolism, making more medication available in the
bloodstream and predisposing older adults to toxicity.
10.How does variable renal function due to normal aging affect the elimination
of medications? - ANSWER ✔ Eliminating medications by the kidneys is
affected by variable renal function due to normal aging.
11.What are the consequences of declines in neurotransmitters such as
acetylcholine and dopamine associated with normal aging? - ANSWER ✔
Declines in neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and dopamine associated
with normal aging can lead to increased toxicity.
12.What are the effects of diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's on
neurotransmitter loss? - ANSWER ✔ Diseases like Alzheimer's and
Parkinson's cause neurotransmitter loss, compounding the problem and
leading to increased toxicity.
13.What are the side effects of anticholinergic medications in older adults? -
ANSWER ✔ Anticholinergic medications cause dry mouth, urinary
retention, confusion, and impaired cognition in older adults.
14.What is the purpose of the Beers Criteria? - ANSWER ✔ To decrease
inappropriate medication use in the elderly.
15.What are some common medications included in the Beers Criteria? -
ANSWER ✔ Benzodiazepines, first-generation antihistamines, tricyclic
antidepressants, and NSAIDs.
16.What are the risks associated with benzodiazepines? - ANSWER ✔
Cognitive impairment, delirium, falls, fractures, and motor vehicle accidents.
17.What are the risks associated with first-generation antihistamines? -
ANSWER ✔ Confusion, dry mouth, constipation, and other anticholinergic
, symptoms such as drowsiness, somnolence, blurred vision, urinary retention,
dry mouth, dizziness, constipation, and confusion.
18.What are the risks associated with tricyclic antidepressants? - ANSWER ✔
Sedation, orthostatic hypotension, and anticholinergic symptoms.
19.What are the risks associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs)? - ANSWER ✔ GI bleeding and ulcers.
20.Give examples of benzodiazepines included in the Beers Criteria. -
ANSWER ✔ Lorazepam and diazepam.
21.Give examples of first-generation antihistamines included in the Beers
Criteria. - ANSWER ✔ Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) and hydroxyzine.
22.Give examples of tricyclic antidepressants included in the Beers Criteria. -
ANSWER ✔ Amitriptyline and nortriptyline.
23.Give examples of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) included
in the Beers Criteria. - ANSWER ✔ Ibuprofen and naproxen.
24.What are some changes in pharmacokinetics during pregnancy? - ANSWER
✔ Increases in drug-metabolizing enzymes, altered body composition, organ
blood flow, and increased glomerular filtration rate.
25.How does increased elimination affect drug exposure during pregnancy? -
ANSWER ✔ Increased elimination results in decreased drug exposure.
26.What can pregnancy cause in terms of medication levels? - ANSWER ✔
Pregnancy can produce decreased medication levels for medications
requiring therapeutic monitoring regarding dose alterations despite
adherence to the prescribed regimen.
27.What types of medications do pregnant women take? - ANSWER ✔
Pregnant women take various over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription
medications.
