NSG 100- EXAM 4 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
kidneys
-remove waste from blood to form urine
-maintain composition and volume of body fluids
-once every 30 minutes body's total blood volume passes through kidneys for waste
removal
ureters
transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder
bladder
holds urine until urge to urinate develops
urethra
tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
bladder
-cannot be palpated when empty
-can extend to umbilicus when distended
-when empty. lies i pelvic cavity behind symphisus pubis
-turbulent flow or urine washes it free of bacteria
urethra
1.5-2.5 inches long in women
8 inches long in men
,-external urethral sphincter-permits voluntary flow of urine
-urethritis- inflammation
act of urination
Brain structures influence bladder function.
Voiding: Bladder contraction + Urethral sphincter and pelvic floor muscle relaxation
1. Stretching of bladder wall signals the micturition center in the sacral spinal cord.
2. Impulses from the micturition center in the brain respond to or ignore this urge, thus
making urination under voluntary control.
3. When a person is ready to void, the external sphincter relaxes, the micturition reflex
stimulates the detrusor muscle to contract, and the bladder empties.
which brain structures influence bladder function
cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
thalamus
brain stem
capacity of bladder
600-1000 mL
voids every 2 to 4 hours
factors affecting urinary elimination
developmental considerations
fluid and food intake
muscle tone
psychosocial factors
,pathologic conditions
surgical and diagnostic procedures
medications
developmental considerations- children- urinary elim
toilet training at 2 to 5 years old
enuresis-incontinence past age of toilet training
can be culturally dependent
effects on aging- urinary elim
-nocturia- voiding at night
-increased frequency r/t decreased ability to concentrate urine and decreased muscle
tone
-urine retention and stasis- decreased bladder contractility- increased UTI
-voluntary control affected by physical problems
is child ready to toilet train
-can child hold urine for 2 hours
-can child recognize bladder fullness
-can child comm need to void
can they sit on toilet
Disease Conditions Affecting Urination
-DM and neuro diseases such as MS
-BPH
-cognitive impairments (alzheimers) that affect voluntary control
-diseases that slow or hinder physical activity (arthritis- affect ability to reach toilet and
, muscle tone)
-conditions that make it difficult to reach and use toilet (parkinsons)
-end stage renal disease, uremic syndrome (affect volume load and fluid/electrolyte
balance)
-meds
diuretics
prevent reabsorption of water and certain electrolytes in tubules
increase production
increase frequency
cholinergic meds
stimulate contraction of detrusor muscle, producing urination
analgesics and tranquilizers
suppress CNS, diminish effectiveness of neural reflex
decrease awareness of need to void
Anti-cholinergics
anti-spasmodic
anticoagulants- urine color
make sure you don't see red (blood)
diuretics- urine color
result in pale yellow
pyridium (analgesic) urine color
orange-orange red
elavil (antidepressant, B vitamins) urine color
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
kidneys
-remove waste from blood to form urine
-maintain composition and volume of body fluids
-once every 30 minutes body's total blood volume passes through kidneys for waste
removal
ureters
transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder
bladder
holds urine until urge to urinate develops
urethra
tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
bladder
-cannot be palpated when empty
-can extend to umbilicus when distended
-when empty. lies i pelvic cavity behind symphisus pubis
-turbulent flow or urine washes it free of bacteria
urethra
1.5-2.5 inches long in women
8 inches long in men
,-external urethral sphincter-permits voluntary flow of urine
-urethritis- inflammation
act of urination
Brain structures influence bladder function.
Voiding: Bladder contraction + Urethral sphincter and pelvic floor muscle relaxation
1. Stretching of bladder wall signals the micturition center in the sacral spinal cord.
2. Impulses from the micturition center in the brain respond to or ignore this urge, thus
making urination under voluntary control.
3. When a person is ready to void, the external sphincter relaxes, the micturition reflex
stimulates the detrusor muscle to contract, and the bladder empties.
which brain structures influence bladder function
cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
thalamus
brain stem
capacity of bladder
600-1000 mL
voids every 2 to 4 hours
factors affecting urinary elimination
developmental considerations
fluid and food intake
muscle tone
psychosocial factors
,pathologic conditions
surgical and diagnostic procedures
medications
developmental considerations- children- urinary elim
toilet training at 2 to 5 years old
enuresis-incontinence past age of toilet training
can be culturally dependent
effects on aging- urinary elim
-nocturia- voiding at night
-increased frequency r/t decreased ability to concentrate urine and decreased muscle
tone
-urine retention and stasis- decreased bladder contractility- increased UTI
-voluntary control affected by physical problems
is child ready to toilet train
-can child hold urine for 2 hours
-can child recognize bladder fullness
-can child comm need to void
can they sit on toilet
Disease Conditions Affecting Urination
-DM and neuro diseases such as MS
-BPH
-cognitive impairments (alzheimers) that affect voluntary control
-diseases that slow or hinder physical activity (arthritis- affect ability to reach toilet and
, muscle tone)
-conditions that make it difficult to reach and use toilet (parkinsons)
-end stage renal disease, uremic syndrome (affect volume load and fluid/electrolyte
balance)
-meds
diuretics
prevent reabsorption of water and certain electrolytes in tubules
increase production
increase frequency
cholinergic meds
stimulate contraction of detrusor muscle, producing urination
analgesics and tranquilizers
suppress CNS, diminish effectiveness of neural reflex
decrease awareness of need to void
Anti-cholinergics
anti-spasmodic
anticoagulants- urine color
make sure you don't see red (blood)
diuretics- urine color
result in pale yellow
pyridium (analgesic) urine color
orange-orange red
elavil (antidepressant, B vitamins) urine color
