UNE: PHSL 1010 Exam 1 Tested
Questions With Revised Correct
Detailed Answers
>Latest Update>>
1. What are emergent properties? - ANSWER Result from complex,
nonlinear interactions of the different components
2. What are examples of emergent properties in the human body? - ANSWER
Emotion, intelligence, and other aspects of brain function
3. What are the different fields of physiology? - ANSWER Functional
genomics, systems biology, and integrative biology
4. Distinguish between mechanistic explanations and teleological explanations
- ANSWER The teleological approach is the description of physiological
processes by their purpose, where mechanistic is the description of
physiological processes by their mechanism
5. List the four major themes in physiology - ANSWER 1. Structure & function
are closely related
2. Living organisms need energy
3. Information flow coordinates body functions
4. Homeostasis maintains internal stability
6. What is an example of the theme: Structure & function are closely related?
(Molecular Interactions) - ANSWER One amino acid change of the
,hemoglobin protein. This one small change in the protein converts normal
hemoglobin to the form associated with sickle cell disease
7. What is an example of the theme: Structure & function are closely related?
(Compartmentations) - ANSWER Compartments allow a cell, tissue, or organ
to specialize and isolate functions
8. What is an example of the theme: Living organisms need energy? - ANSWER
Energy is needed for growth, reproduction, movement, and homeostasis
9. What is an example of the theme: Information flow coordinates body
functions? At the organismal level, information flow includes translation of DNA's
genetic code into proteins responsible for cell structure and function
10. What is an example of the theme: Homeostasis maintains internal stability?
- ANSWER Organisms that survive in challenging habitats cope with external
variability by keeping their internal environment relatively stable
11. Define homeostasis - ANSWER the ability of the body to maintain a
relatively constant internal environment
12. What happens when homeostasis fails? - ANSWER Normal function is
disrupted and a disease state or pathological condition may result
13. Name and describe the two major compartments of the human body -
ANSWER The ECF is the internal fluid that surrounds the cell. The ICF is the
fluid within the cells
14. Explain the law of mass balance - ANSWER If the amount of a substance
in the body remains constant, any gain must be offset by an equal loss
15. How does the law of mass balance apply to the body's load of a substance?
- ANSWER Water loss to the external environment in sweat and urine must
be balanced by water intake from the external environment plus metabolic water
production
Define mass flow using mathematical units and explain how it relates to mass
balance
,Mass flow= (conc. of x)*(volume flow). How it relates to the mass balance is the
flow of the balance in and out of the environment
Define clearance and give an example
A measurement of the disappearance of a substance from the blood. For
example, urea is a normal metabolite produced from protein metabolism.
Distinguish between equilibrium and steady state
Steady state is when both body compartments are relatively stable. Equilibrium
implies that the composition of the body compartments is identical
List 3 components of a control system
Input signal, integrating center, and output signal
What is an example of an input signal?
Information sent through a wire to a control box
What is an example of an integrating center?
Control box
What is an example of an output signal?
Information sent through a wire from a control box
Explain the relationship between a regulated variable and its setpoint
Regulated variables are operating ranges of key functions. Setpoints are within
the regulated variables, signifying the optimal values
What is a reflex control?
Any long-distance pathway that uses the nervous system, endocrine system or
both
What is local control?
Homeostatic control that takes place strictly at the tissue or cell by using
paracrine or autocrine signals
What is long-distance control?
, Are more complex with input from multiple sources and output that acts on
multiple targets
Explain the relationship between a response loop and a feedback loop
A response loop is a a control pathway that begins with a stimulus and ends with
a response. WIth the feedback loop the Information about the response is sent
back to an integrating center
What is a negative feedback and what is an example?
A homeostatic feedback loop designed to keep the system at or near a set point.
For example, removal of a stimulus to keep a variable at said set point
What is a positive feedback and what is an example?
In which the response reinforces the stimulus, triggering an ever-increasing
response. Sensory signals causes loop of of baby contractions and oxytocin
release
What is a feedforward control and what is an example?
Anticipatory responses that start a response loop in anticipation of a change that
is about to occur. The salivation reflex is a perfect example
Explain what happens to set points in biological rhythms and give some examples
There are changes in the set point of the regulated variable, an example would be
circadidan rhythms
Define and give an example of an independent variable
It is the altered variable. An example would be temperature
Define and give an example of an dependent variable
It is the measurement of the response to the altered variable. An example would
be food intake
Define and give an example of an experimental control
Part of an experiment designed to ensure that any observed changes are due to
the experimental manipulation and not to an outside factor. An example would
be any experiment with no variable changed of the normal setting
Questions With Revised Correct
Detailed Answers
>Latest Update>>
1. What are emergent properties? - ANSWER Result from complex,
nonlinear interactions of the different components
2. What are examples of emergent properties in the human body? - ANSWER
Emotion, intelligence, and other aspects of brain function
3. What are the different fields of physiology? - ANSWER Functional
genomics, systems biology, and integrative biology
4. Distinguish between mechanistic explanations and teleological explanations
- ANSWER The teleological approach is the description of physiological
processes by their purpose, where mechanistic is the description of
physiological processes by their mechanism
5. List the four major themes in physiology - ANSWER 1. Structure & function
are closely related
2. Living organisms need energy
3. Information flow coordinates body functions
4. Homeostasis maintains internal stability
6. What is an example of the theme: Structure & function are closely related?
(Molecular Interactions) - ANSWER One amino acid change of the
,hemoglobin protein. This one small change in the protein converts normal
hemoglobin to the form associated with sickle cell disease
7. What is an example of the theme: Structure & function are closely related?
(Compartmentations) - ANSWER Compartments allow a cell, tissue, or organ
to specialize and isolate functions
8. What is an example of the theme: Living organisms need energy? - ANSWER
Energy is needed for growth, reproduction, movement, and homeostasis
9. What is an example of the theme: Information flow coordinates body
functions? At the organismal level, information flow includes translation of DNA's
genetic code into proteins responsible for cell structure and function
10. What is an example of the theme: Homeostasis maintains internal stability?
- ANSWER Organisms that survive in challenging habitats cope with external
variability by keeping their internal environment relatively stable
11. Define homeostasis - ANSWER the ability of the body to maintain a
relatively constant internal environment
12. What happens when homeostasis fails? - ANSWER Normal function is
disrupted and a disease state or pathological condition may result
13. Name and describe the two major compartments of the human body -
ANSWER The ECF is the internal fluid that surrounds the cell. The ICF is the
fluid within the cells
14. Explain the law of mass balance - ANSWER If the amount of a substance
in the body remains constant, any gain must be offset by an equal loss
15. How does the law of mass balance apply to the body's load of a substance?
- ANSWER Water loss to the external environment in sweat and urine must
be balanced by water intake from the external environment plus metabolic water
production
Define mass flow using mathematical units and explain how it relates to mass
balance
,Mass flow= (conc. of x)*(volume flow). How it relates to the mass balance is the
flow of the balance in and out of the environment
Define clearance and give an example
A measurement of the disappearance of a substance from the blood. For
example, urea is a normal metabolite produced from protein metabolism.
Distinguish between equilibrium and steady state
Steady state is when both body compartments are relatively stable. Equilibrium
implies that the composition of the body compartments is identical
List 3 components of a control system
Input signal, integrating center, and output signal
What is an example of an input signal?
Information sent through a wire to a control box
What is an example of an integrating center?
Control box
What is an example of an output signal?
Information sent through a wire from a control box
Explain the relationship between a regulated variable and its setpoint
Regulated variables are operating ranges of key functions. Setpoints are within
the regulated variables, signifying the optimal values
What is a reflex control?
Any long-distance pathway that uses the nervous system, endocrine system or
both
What is local control?
Homeostatic control that takes place strictly at the tissue or cell by using
paracrine or autocrine signals
What is long-distance control?
, Are more complex with input from multiple sources and output that acts on
multiple targets
Explain the relationship between a response loop and a feedback loop
A response loop is a a control pathway that begins with a stimulus and ends with
a response. WIth the feedback loop the Information about the response is sent
back to an integrating center
What is a negative feedback and what is an example?
A homeostatic feedback loop designed to keep the system at or near a set point.
For example, removal of a stimulus to keep a variable at said set point
What is a positive feedback and what is an example?
In which the response reinforces the stimulus, triggering an ever-increasing
response. Sensory signals causes loop of of baby contractions and oxytocin
release
What is a feedforward control and what is an example?
Anticipatory responses that start a response loop in anticipation of a change that
is about to occur. The salivation reflex is a perfect example
Explain what happens to set points in biological rhythms and give some examples
There are changes in the set point of the regulated variable, an example would be
circadidan rhythms
Define and give an example of an independent variable
It is the altered variable. An example would be temperature
Define and give an example of an dependent variable
It is the measurement of the response to the altered variable. An example would
be food intake
Define and give an example of an experimental control
Part of an experiment designed to ensure that any observed changes are due to
the experimental manipulation and not to an outside factor. An example would
be any experiment with no variable changed of the normal setting
