GMS6530 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
what is the pulse for a young adult female
72-80
what is the pulse for a young adult male
64-72
does a fever increase or decrease heart rate
increase
what does positive chronotropic agents mean
factors that raise the heart rate
the ANS does NOT initiate the heart beat, but what can it control
rhythm and force
where are the cardiac centers located in the brain
medulla oblongata
sympathetic postganglionic fibers are what and release what neirotransmitter
adrenergic and release norepinephrine
norepinephrine binds to what receptors in the heart
beta-adrenergic receptors
once epinephrine binds to receptors in the heart, what second messenger does it
activate
cAMP second-messenger system and then opening of Ca2+ channels
,what effect does norepinephrine have on the heart
accelerates both contraction and relaxation
when the heart rate reaches higher than 160 bpm, what happens
stroke volume and cardiac output decrease
what effect does the PSNS have on the heart
cholinergic, inhibitory effect
what kind of receptor does acetylcholine bind to
muscarinic
does the heart rate increase before or after metabolic demands arise
before
what are proprioceptors
tell us what position our body is in (standing up, laying down)
which electrolyte has the greatest chronotropic effect
K+
hyperkalemia on the heart
excess K+
leaks into cardiocytes, HR slows, and is irregular
hypokalemia on the heart
too little K+
cells hyperpolarized, need increased stimulation
hypercalcemia on the heart
, excess Ca2+
increase HR and contraction strength
hypernatremia on the heart
excess Na+
increases HR
what 3 variables control stroke volume
preload
afterload
contractility
does exercise increase or decrease venous return
increase (ventricle gets stretched)
what are positive inotropic agents for contractility
hypercalcemia
catecholamines (increase Ca2+ levels)
Digitalis (raises Ca2+ levels)
what are negative inotropic agents for contractility
hypocalcemia (weak heartbeat)
hyperkalemia (weak action potentials)
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
what is the pulse for a young adult female
72-80
what is the pulse for a young adult male
64-72
does a fever increase or decrease heart rate
increase
what does positive chronotropic agents mean
factors that raise the heart rate
the ANS does NOT initiate the heart beat, but what can it control
rhythm and force
where are the cardiac centers located in the brain
medulla oblongata
sympathetic postganglionic fibers are what and release what neirotransmitter
adrenergic and release norepinephrine
norepinephrine binds to what receptors in the heart
beta-adrenergic receptors
once epinephrine binds to receptors in the heart, what second messenger does it
activate
cAMP second-messenger system and then opening of Ca2+ channels
,what effect does norepinephrine have on the heart
accelerates both contraction and relaxation
when the heart rate reaches higher than 160 bpm, what happens
stroke volume and cardiac output decrease
what effect does the PSNS have on the heart
cholinergic, inhibitory effect
what kind of receptor does acetylcholine bind to
muscarinic
does the heart rate increase before or after metabolic demands arise
before
what are proprioceptors
tell us what position our body is in (standing up, laying down)
which electrolyte has the greatest chronotropic effect
K+
hyperkalemia on the heart
excess K+
leaks into cardiocytes, HR slows, and is irregular
hypokalemia on the heart
too little K+
cells hyperpolarized, need increased stimulation
hypercalcemia on the heart
, excess Ca2+
increase HR and contraction strength
hypernatremia on the heart
excess Na+
increases HR
what 3 variables control stroke volume
preload
afterload
contractility
does exercise increase or decrease venous return
increase (ventricle gets stretched)
what are positive inotropic agents for contractility
hypercalcemia
catecholamines (increase Ca2+ levels)
Digitalis (raises Ca2+ levels)
what are negative inotropic agents for contractility
hypocalcemia (weak heartbeat)
hyperkalemia (weak action potentials)
