GMS6530: RESPIRATORY DRUGS EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST
UPDATE
lower respiratory system
-ventilation
-perfusion
ventilation
-process of moving air into (inspiration) and out of the lungs (expiration)
perfusion
-alveoli are surrounded by numerous capillaries
-allows for gas exchange
what is the normal respiratory rate?
12-18 breaths per minute
pathophysiology of asthma
-predominantly an inflammatory disease with bronchial hyperactivity
-inflammatory mediators released:
-immediately = histamine and proteases
-over minutes = leukotrienes and prostaglandins
-over hours = interleukins
goals of asthma therapy
, -terminate acute bronchospasm in progress
-reduce frequency of asthma attacks
inhalation therapy
-includes metered-dose inhalers (MDI), dry powder inhalers (DPI), and nebulizers
-delivers drug directly to site of action
-rapid and efficient
-little systemic toxicity (but some)
-80-90% of the dose stays in the mouth/pharynx
-used for rescue and maintenance meds
oral therapy
-longer onset and duration of action
-frequent side effects
-used for maintenance medications only
how is bronchial tone controlled?
autonomic nervous system:
-adrenergic (beta 2) = dilation
-cholinergic (muscarinic) = constriction
autocoids:
-released during asthma attack
-includes histamine, leukotrienes, and adenosine
-produce bronchoconstriction
-increase vascular permeability in bronchi and cause mucosal edema
ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST
UPDATE
lower respiratory system
-ventilation
-perfusion
ventilation
-process of moving air into (inspiration) and out of the lungs (expiration)
perfusion
-alveoli are surrounded by numerous capillaries
-allows for gas exchange
what is the normal respiratory rate?
12-18 breaths per minute
pathophysiology of asthma
-predominantly an inflammatory disease with bronchial hyperactivity
-inflammatory mediators released:
-immediately = histamine and proteases
-over minutes = leukotrienes and prostaglandins
-over hours = interleukins
goals of asthma therapy
, -terminate acute bronchospasm in progress
-reduce frequency of asthma attacks
inhalation therapy
-includes metered-dose inhalers (MDI), dry powder inhalers (DPI), and nebulizers
-delivers drug directly to site of action
-rapid and efficient
-little systemic toxicity (but some)
-80-90% of the dose stays in the mouth/pharynx
-used for rescue and maintenance meds
oral therapy
-longer onset and duration of action
-frequent side effects
-used for maintenance medications only
how is bronchial tone controlled?
autonomic nervous system:
-adrenergic (beta 2) = dilation
-cholinergic (muscarinic) = constriction
autocoids:
-released during asthma attack
-includes histamine, leukotrienes, and adenosine
-produce bronchoconstriction
-increase vascular permeability in bronchi and cause mucosal edema
