RENAL DISEASES QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Roles of kidney - ANSWER>>•Filtration of blood & removal of excess fluid &
wastes for elimination in urine
•Regulation of fluid volume & osmolarity, electrolyte concentration & acid-base
balance
•Excretion of metabolic wastes, drugs & toxins •Secretion of enzyme renin to
regulate blood pressure •Production of hormone erythropoietin to stimulate
production of RBCs
•Conversion of vitamin D to active form, helping to maintain bone tissue
nephrotic syndrome - ANSWER>>characterized by massive proteinuria caused by
glomerular damage.
-It can progress renal failure
Causes of nephrotic syndrome - ANSWER>>• Infection
• Chemical damage
• Immunological & hereditary disorders
• Diabetes mellitus
• Other disorders involving glomerulus
Clinical signs of nephrotic syndrome - ANSWER>>• Proteinuria
• Low serum albumin levels
• Edema- reabsorption of sodium; hypoalbinuriafluid shift to interstitial
• Elevated blood lipids
• Blood coagulation disorders-loses of blood proteins responsible for blood
clotting increased risk for deep vein thrombosis
Treatment goals for nephrotic syndrome - ANSWER>>include relief of symptoms
& prevention of kidney damage
, Treatment for nephrotic syndrome - ANSWER>>• Anti-inflammatory drugs
(usually corticosteroids)
• ACE inhibitors
• Diuretics
• Antihypertensives
• Immunosuppressants
• Lipid-lowering medications
Nutrition reccomendations for nephrotic syndrome - ANSWER>>• Meet protein
(.8-1g/Kg)& energy (35 kcal/Kg)needs to minimize muscle tissue loss
• Low sat fats, cholesterol
• Low refined sugars
• Sodium restriction(1-2g/d)
• Potassium-rich foods (if potassium-wasting diuretics are used)
• Vitamin & mineral supplements iron and Vitamin D. calcium supplementation
(1000 to 1500 milligrams per day)
Acute renal failure - ANSWER>>•Rapid deterioration of kidney function
Characteristics of acute renal failure - ANSWER>>•Reduction of urinary output
•Accumulation of nitrogenous wastes in blood
•Degree of renal dysfunction varies from mild to severe •It is reversible
Causes of acute renal failure - ANSWER>>•Can result from number of disorders
•Often develops as consequence of severe illness, infections, injury or surgery
•Causes usually classified as •Prerenal: conditions resulting to reduction in blood
flow
Causes of renal failure are classified as - ANSWER>>•Prerenal: conditions resulting
to reduction in blood flow to the kidneys, such as heart failure, shock, or
substantial blood loss
•Intrarenal: infections, toxicants, drugs, or direct trauma •Postrenal: factors are
those that prevent urine excretion due to urinary tract obstructions
ANSWERS
Roles of kidney - ANSWER>>•Filtration of blood & removal of excess fluid &
wastes for elimination in urine
•Regulation of fluid volume & osmolarity, electrolyte concentration & acid-base
balance
•Excretion of metabolic wastes, drugs & toxins •Secretion of enzyme renin to
regulate blood pressure •Production of hormone erythropoietin to stimulate
production of RBCs
•Conversion of vitamin D to active form, helping to maintain bone tissue
nephrotic syndrome - ANSWER>>characterized by massive proteinuria caused by
glomerular damage.
-It can progress renal failure
Causes of nephrotic syndrome - ANSWER>>• Infection
• Chemical damage
• Immunological & hereditary disorders
• Diabetes mellitus
• Other disorders involving glomerulus
Clinical signs of nephrotic syndrome - ANSWER>>• Proteinuria
• Low serum albumin levels
• Edema- reabsorption of sodium; hypoalbinuriafluid shift to interstitial
• Elevated blood lipids
• Blood coagulation disorders-loses of blood proteins responsible for blood
clotting increased risk for deep vein thrombosis
Treatment goals for nephrotic syndrome - ANSWER>>include relief of symptoms
& prevention of kidney damage
, Treatment for nephrotic syndrome - ANSWER>>• Anti-inflammatory drugs
(usually corticosteroids)
• ACE inhibitors
• Diuretics
• Antihypertensives
• Immunosuppressants
• Lipid-lowering medications
Nutrition reccomendations for nephrotic syndrome - ANSWER>>• Meet protein
(.8-1g/Kg)& energy (35 kcal/Kg)needs to minimize muscle tissue loss
• Low sat fats, cholesterol
• Low refined sugars
• Sodium restriction(1-2g/d)
• Potassium-rich foods (if potassium-wasting diuretics are used)
• Vitamin & mineral supplements iron and Vitamin D. calcium supplementation
(1000 to 1500 milligrams per day)
Acute renal failure - ANSWER>>•Rapid deterioration of kidney function
Characteristics of acute renal failure - ANSWER>>•Reduction of urinary output
•Accumulation of nitrogenous wastes in blood
•Degree of renal dysfunction varies from mild to severe •It is reversible
Causes of acute renal failure - ANSWER>>•Can result from number of disorders
•Often develops as consequence of severe illness, infections, injury or surgery
•Causes usually classified as •Prerenal: conditions resulting to reduction in blood
flow
Causes of renal failure are classified as - ANSWER>>•Prerenal: conditions resulting
to reduction in blood flow to the kidneys, such as heart failure, shock, or
substantial blood loss
•Intrarenal: infections, toxicants, drugs, or direct trauma •Postrenal: factors are
those that prevent urine excretion due to urinary tract obstructions
