ENR 5400 Midterm Exam Latest
Update
What do environmental problems stem from and maintained by - Answer Behavioral
problems
How many U.S. residents have indicated that the U.S. should act to reduce global
warming - Answer More than 90%
T or F awareness alone isn't enough to motivate change - Answer True
What is environmental psychology - Answer The study of the relationships between
human behavior and the built and natural environments
What is conservation psychology - Answer Study of reciprocal relationships between
humans and the rest of nature, with a particular focus on encouraging conservation of
natural resources
What is Lewin's equation - Answer Behavior = f(Person (individual), Environment (what's
around you)
What is context - Answer The conditions under which behavior occurs (behavioral
settings, social settings, cultural, natural environment, and built environment)
How is our behavior influenced - Answer Aspects of our environment (people, nature,
buildings, sound)
What are two key challenges to sustainability - Answer Exponential growth, resource
depletion
What is carrying capacity - Answer The maximum number of any species a habitat can
support. If territory is isolated and population cannot migrate, inhabitants must find a
balance with resource base otherwise if populations grows too quickly, resources are
depleted and population will crash
Example of human carrying capacity reached - Answer Easter Island
What is overconsumption - Answer What society is doing to deplete the capacity of the
planet to sustain life. The overuse of the world's natural resources, especially energy
and land
What is affluenza - Answer An unsustainable addiction to consumption, materialism, and
economic growth, "contagious", "socially transmitted"
What are ecological footprints - Answer A measure of the impact humans have on the
environment. Sum of cropland, grazing land, forest and fishing grounds required to
,produce their food, fiber and timber it consumes, to absorb the wastes emitted when it
uses energy and to provide space for infrastructure
What is correlation relationship - Answer A significant association (positive/ negative)
between A & B
What is a differential relationship - Answer There is a significant difference between A &
B
What is an experimental relationship - Answer Variable A causes Variable B, uses
random assignment
What is a correlational research design - Answer A and B are related, measurement
taken at a single slice in time ex: focus groups, survey, behavioral observations
What is a quasi-experimental research design - Answer There is a significant difference
between A and B
What is a pre/post research design - Answer A type of quasi-experimental that measure
variables of interest among your sample before and after some treatment
What is a case/control research design - Answer A type of quasi-experimental that
recruit sample of interest to receive treatment. Separately, find a control group that
does not get treated. Assess the outcome variable among both groups after the
treatment group receives treatment
What is an experimental/RCT research design - Answer A type of experimental design
where participants are randomly assigned to a treatment or control conditions and
complete outcome measures after or during treatment period
What is an observational data collection technique - Answer Recording actions directly
relevant to the research question
What is a self-report data collection technique - Answer Participants' responses to
questions
What is an implicit data collection technique - Answer Recording actions that imply an
underlying effect
What are the trade-offs for using a lab experiment - Answer There is high control but low
realism and representativeness
What are the trade offs for using a field experiemtn - Answer There is medium control,
high realism, and representativeness varies
What is triangulation - Answer Using different methodologies to see if the same
relationship is obtained. If several imperfect measures provide the same result, then
there is confidence that the relationship really exists and is not an artifact of the
measurement process
, What is construct validity - Answer Measuring what you say you are measuring. How
well the theoretical concept or construct is represented by data gathered
What is internal validity - Answer Study demonstrates that the experimental
manipulation was the sole cause for a change in the dependent variable- rule out other
factors (threats) not related to the experiment. Demonstration of causality
What is external validity - Answer Extent to which the results generalize
What are major threats to construct validity - Answer Begin with a weak theory, rival
theories not carefully rules out, inappropriate data sources
What are major threats to external validity - Answer Non-random selection, non-random
assignment to experimental group
Describe history threat to internal validity - Answer Changes to a DV due to a historical
event. Impacts differential pre/post method
Describe maturation threat to internal validity - Answer Changes to DV due to natural
processes in subjects, happen as a function of time not a function of the experiment ex:
getting hungry, tired, and decreased concentration
Describe instrumentation threat to internal validity - Answer Changes in DV due to some
aspect of a measurement instrument or scale, or some change in an observer or score
Describe testing threat to internal validity - Answer Changes in DV due to taking a
pre-test which may affect scores on the post-test ex: IQ test people score higher the
second time
Describe regression to the Mean threat to internal validity - Answer Changes in DV arise
from participants selected because their scores on a measure are extreme high or low...
they tend to be less extreme on a second test
Describe selection threat to internal validity - Answer Changes in DV due to groups
being compared are not equivalent before manipulation begins
Describe attrition threat to internal validity - Answer Changes in DV due to losing
subjects
Describe diffusion of treatment threat to internal validity - Answer Changes in DV due to
experimental groups communicating with each other, may give way info on treatments
Describe sequence effects threat to internal validity - Answer Changes in DV due to the
order in which the subjects receive treatments
Describe observation/ reactivity effect threat to internal validity - Answer Changes to DV
due to demand characteristics, unintentional cues given to subjects on how to behave in
experiment
What is the Hawthorne effect - Answer Happens when people modify their natural
Update
What do environmental problems stem from and maintained by - Answer Behavioral
problems
How many U.S. residents have indicated that the U.S. should act to reduce global
warming - Answer More than 90%
T or F awareness alone isn't enough to motivate change - Answer True
What is environmental psychology - Answer The study of the relationships between
human behavior and the built and natural environments
What is conservation psychology - Answer Study of reciprocal relationships between
humans and the rest of nature, with a particular focus on encouraging conservation of
natural resources
What is Lewin's equation - Answer Behavior = f(Person (individual), Environment (what's
around you)
What is context - Answer The conditions under which behavior occurs (behavioral
settings, social settings, cultural, natural environment, and built environment)
How is our behavior influenced - Answer Aspects of our environment (people, nature,
buildings, sound)
What are two key challenges to sustainability - Answer Exponential growth, resource
depletion
What is carrying capacity - Answer The maximum number of any species a habitat can
support. If territory is isolated and population cannot migrate, inhabitants must find a
balance with resource base otherwise if populations grows too quickly, resources are
depleted and population will crash
Example of human carrying capacity reached - Answer Easter Island
What is overconsumption - Answer What society is doing to deplete the capacity of the
planet to sustain life. The overuse of the world's natural resources, especially energy
and land
What is affluenza - Answer An unsustainable addiction to consumption, materialism, and
economic growth, "contagious", "socially transmitted"
What are ecological footprints - Answer A measure of the impact humans have on the
environment. Sum of cropland, grazing land, forest and fishing grounds required to
,produce their food, fiber and timber it consumes, to absorb the wastes emitted when it
uses energy and to provide space for infrastructure
What is correlation relationship - Answer A significant association (positive/ negative)
between A & B
What is a differential relationship - Answer There is a significant difference between A &
B
What is an experimental relationship - Answer Variable A causes Variable B, uses
random assignment
What is a correlational research design - Answer A and B are related, measurement
taken at a single slice in time ex: focus groups, survey, behavioral observations
What is a quasi-experimental research design - Answer There is a significant difference
between A and B
What is a pre/post research design - Answer A type of quasi-experimental that measure
variables of interest among your sample before and after some treatment
What is a case/control research design - Answer A type of quasi-experimental that
recruit sample of interest to receive treatment. Separately, find a control group that
does not get treated. Assess the outcome variable among both groups after the
treatment group receives treatment
What is an experimental/RCT research design - Answer A type of experimental design
where participants are randomly assigned to a treatment or control conditions and
complete outcome measures after or during treatment period
What is an observational data collection technique - Answer Recording actions directly
relevant to the research question
What is a self-report data collection technique - Answer Participants' responses to
questions
What is an implicit data collection technique - Answer Recording actions that imply an
underlying effect
What are the trade-offs for using a lab experiment - Answer There is high control but low
realism and representativeness
What are the trade offs for using a field experiemtn - Answer There is medium control,
high realism, and representativeness varies
What is triangulation - Answer Using different methodologies to see if the same
relationship is obtained. If several imperfect measures provide the same result, then
there is confidence that the relationship really exists and is not an artifact of the
measurement process
, What is construct validity - Answer Measuring what you say you are measuring. How
well the theoretical concept or construct is represented by data gathered
What is internal validity - Answer Study demonstrates that the experimental
manipulation was the sole cause for a change in the dependent variable- rule out other
factors (threats) not related to the experiment. Demonstration of causality
What is external validity - Answer Extent to which the results generalize
What are major threats to construct validity - Answer Begin with a weak theory, rival
theories not carefully rules out, inappropriate data sources
What are major threats to external validity - Answer Non-random selection, non-random
assignment to experimental group
Describe history threat to internal validity - Answer Changes to a DV due to a historical
event. Impacts differential pre/post method
Describe maturation threat to internal validity - Answer Changes to DV due to natural
processes in subjects, happen as a function of time not a function of the experiment ex:
getting hungry, tired, and decreased concentration
Describe instrumentation threat to internal validity - Answer Changes in DV due to some
aspect of a measurement instrument or scale, or some change in an observer or score
Describe testing threat to internal validity - Answer Changes in DV due to taking a
pre-test which may affect scores on the post-test ex: IQ test people score higher the
second time
Describe regression to the Mean threat to internal validity - Answer Changes in DV arise
from participants selected because their scores on a measure are extreme high or low...
they tend to be less extreme on a second test
Describe selection threat to internal validity - Answer Changes in DV due to groups
being compared are not equivalent before manipulation begins
Describe attrition threat to internal validity - Answer Changes in DV due to losing
subjects
Describe diffusion of treatment threat to internal validity - Answer Changes in DV due to
experimental groups communicating with each other, may give way info on treatments
Describe sequence effects threat to internal validity - Answer Changes in DV due to the
order in which the subjects receive treatments
Describe observation/ reactivity effect threat to internal validity - Answer Changes to DV
due to demand characteristics, unintentional cues given to subjects on how to behave in
experiment
What is the Hawthorne effect - Answer Happens when people modify their natural
