NUR215 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A+ GRADED
What is a solvent?
the substance in which the solute dissolves (generally water)
What is a solute?
Substance being dissolved (particles in the solvent)
What is a solution?
When solutes dissolve in solvents
What are the fluid compartments?
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
Interstitial fluid
(ISF)
Active transport
Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a
concentration difference
Passive transport
the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the
cell
Transport by Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration.
Hydrostatic pressure gradient
Pushing pressure or force exerted by water in the blood stream (ex: water hose)
What is hydrostaic pressure's source?
The heart's pumping action; an outward force that pushes water through the capillary
membrane pores of the ECF into the ISF and ICF
Osmotic pressure
Pulling pressure, from levels of HIGHER concentration to LOWER concentration
EX: pulls water into the bloodstream from the ICF & ISF
Sterling's law of Capillaries
Net filtration is equal to the forces favoring filtration minus the forces opposing filtration
What is tonicity?
to the amount of solutes in solution compared with the amount in the bloodstream
Isotonic fluid
same tonicity as blood
What IV fluid is isotonic?
0.9% NaCl (Normal Saline)
Hypotonic fluid
less tonicity than blood; low osmolarity, make cells swell
What IV fluid is hypotonic?
0.45% NaCL; (half normal saline)
Hypertonic fluid
greater tonicity than blood; high osmolarity; makes cells shrink;
Ex: Albumin
,What IV fluid is hypertonic?
3% NaCl (mannitol)
What does RAAS stand for?
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
What is RAAS?
A compensatory mechanism used to replenish blood volume and raise blood pressure
What regulates fluid homeostasis? (5)
- ADH*
- RAAS*
- Osomoreceptors (in hypothalamus, thirst center)
- Natriuretic Peptides (retain fluid)
What is edema?
Excess of fluid in ISF & ICF
What are fluid shifts?
- Excess/deficit fluid volume (hyper/hypo volemia)
- Protein starvation
- Third Space Fluid
What are examples of third space fluid
- pericardium
- plerual cavity
What are exmaples of hypervolemia
- Excessive fluid volume (edema; or pitting edema)
Body systems fluid shifts can affect
- Skin (turgor)
- Cardiac (HR, BP)
- Urinary (Kidneys)
Hypovolemia
decreased (blood) volume, causing diaphoresis, pallor, tachypnea, tachychardia,
weakness, and decreased urine output
Hypervolemia
Increased (blood) volume, causing HTN, SOB, edema
Electrolytes (5 questions)
Function of Sodium
- Main extracellular ion
- Controls water distribution
- Cation (pos. charge)
Sodium Normal Values
135-145 mEq/L
What is Hyponatremia?
Low Sodium (value less than 135 mEq/L)
Hyponatremia causes
Vomiting
Diuretics
Burns, wound drainage
Excessive water intake
Clinical presentation of hyponatremia?
, seizures, coma, nausea, vomiting, ileus, lethargy, confusion, weakness
What is Hyponatremic Hypervolemia? (low sodium, high volume)
a lot of water = dilution of sodium
Clinical Presentation Hyponatremic Hypervolemia?
Excess fluids symptoms are often neurological in nature due to fluid accumulation
What is Hypernatremia?
High sodium (Values greater than 145 mEq/L)
Clinical presentation of Hyponatremic Hypovolemia?
Vomiting/sweating (losing sodium with the water)
Hyponatremic Hypovolemia? (low soidum, low volume)
Dehydration
What are the causes of Hypernatremia?
- hypertonic tube feedings w/o water supplements
- hyperventilation
- diabetes insipidus
- ingestion of OTC drugs such as Alka-Seltzer
- inhaling large amount of saltwater
- inadequate water ingestion
Clinical presentations of Hypernatremia
Thirst, restlessness, and confusion
Functions of potassium
fluid balance, nerve-impulse transmission, muscle contraction
Potassium Normal Values
3.5 - 5.2 mEq/dL
What is Hypokalemia?
Low potassium (values less than 3.5 mEq/dL)
What causes Hypokalemia?
Inadequate water intake, vomiting loss, insulin administration, medication S/E, caffine
Clinical Presenation of hypokalemia?
muscle cramps, weakness, nausea, vomiting, and cardiac arrhythmia
What is hyperkalemia?
High potassium (values greater than 5.2 mEq/dl)
What causes hyperkalemia?
Renal failure, when your blood pH is acidotic; eating a high potassium meal or
medication side effects
Clinical Presentation of hyperkalemia?
Numbness, muscle cramps, confusion
Function of calcium
- Major mineral in bones and teeth
- Regulated by the parathyroid gland
- Vitamin D is needed to digest Ca
Calcium Normal Values
8.7-10.5mg/dL
Hypocalcemia
Low calcium levels (less than 8.7mg/dL)
Causes of Hypocalcemia
What is a solvent?
the substance in which the solute dissolves (generally water)
What is a solute?
Substance being dissolved (particles in the solvent)
What is a solution?
When solutes dissolve in solvents
What are the fluid compartments?
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
Interstitial fluid
(ISF)
Active transport
Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a
concentration difference
Passive transport
the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the
cell
Transport by Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration.
Hydrostatic pressure gradient
Pushing pressure or force exerted by water in the blood stream (ex: water hose)
What is hydrostaic pressure's source?
The heart's pumping action; an outward force that pushes water through the capillary
membrane pores of the ECF into the ISF and ICF
Osmotic pressure
Pulling pressure, from levels of HIGHER concentration to LOWER concentration
EX: pulls water into the bloodstream from the ICF & ISF
Sterling's law of Capillaries
Net filtration is equal to the forces favoring filtration minus the forces opposing filtration
What is tonicity?
to the amount of solutes in solution compared with the amount in the bloodstream
Isotonic fluid
same tonicity as blood
What IV fluid is isotonic?
0.9% NaCl (Normal Saline)
Hypotonic fluid
less tonicity than blood; low osmolarity, make cells swell
What IV fluid is hypotonic?
0.45% NaCL; (half normal saline)
Hypertonic fluid
greater tonicity than blood; high osmolarity; makes cells shrink;
Ex: Albumin
,What IV fluid is hypertonic?
3% NaCl (mannitol)
What does RAAS stand for?
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
What is RAAS?
A compensatory mechanism used to replenish blood volume and raise blood pressure
What regulates fluid homeostasis? (5)
- ADH*
- RAAS*
- Osomoreceptors (in hypothalamus, thirst center)
- Natriuretic Peptides (retain fluid)
What is edema?
Excess of fluid in ISF & ICF
What are fluid shifts?
- Excess/deficit fluid volume (hyper/hypo volemia)
- Protein starvation
- Third Space Fluid
What are examples of third space fluid
- pericardium
- plerual cavity
What are exmaples of hypervolemia
- Excessive fluid volume (edema; or pitting edema)
Body systems fluid shifts can affect
- Skin (turgor)
- Cardiac (HR, BP)
- Urinary (Kidneys)
Hypovolemia
decreased (blood) volume, causing diaphoresis, pallor, tachypnea, tachychardia,
weakness, and decreased urine output
Hypervolemia
Increased (blood) volume, causing HTN, SOB, edema
Electrolytes (5 questions)
Function of Sodium
- Main extracellular ion
- Controls water distribution
- Cation (pos. charge)
Sodium Normal Values
135-145 mEq/L
What is Hyponatremia?
Low Sodium (value less than 135 mEq/L)
Hyponatremia causes
Vomiting
Diuretics
Burns, wound drainage
Excessive water intake
Clinical presentation of hyponatremia?
, seizures, coma, nausea, vomiting, ileus, lethargy, confusion, weakness
What is Hyponatremic Hypervolemia? (low sodium, high volume)
a lot of water = dilution of sodium
Clinical Presentation Hyponatremic Hypervolemia?
Excess fluids symptoms are often neurological in nature due to fluid accumulation
What is Hypernatremia?
High sodium (Values greater than 145 mEq/L)
Clinical presentation of Hyponatremic Hypovolemia?
Vomiting/sweating (losing sodium with the water)
Hyponatremic Hypovolemia? (low soidum, low volume)
Dehydration
What are the causes of Hypernatremia?
- hypertonic tube feedings w/o water supplements
- hyperventilation
- diabetes insipidus
- ingestion of OTC drugs such as Alka-Seltzer
- inhaling large amount of saltwater
- inadequate water ingestion
Clinical presentations of Hypernatremia
Thirst, restlessness, and confusion
Functions of potassium
fluid balance, nerve-impulse transmission, muscle contraction
Potassium Normal Values
3.5 - 5.2 mEq/dL
What is Hypokalemia?
Low potassium (values less than 3.5 mEq/dL)
What causes Hypokalemia?
Inadequate water intake, vomiting loss, insulin administration, medication S/E, caffine
Clinical Presenation of hypokalemia?
muscle cramps, weakness, nausea, vomiting, and cardiac arrhythmia
What is hyperkalemia?
High potassium (values greater than 5.2 mEq/dl)
What causes hyperkalemia?
Renal failure, when your blood pH is acidotic; eating a high potassium meal or
medication side effects
Clinical Presentation of hyperkalemia?
Numbness, muscle cramps, confusion
Function of calcium
- Major mineral in bones and teeth
- Regulated by the parathyroid gland
- Vitamin D is needed to digest Ca
Calcium Normal Values
8.7-10.5mg/dL
Hypocalcemia
Low calcium levels (less than 8.7mg/dL)
Causes of Hypocalcemia
