NUR215 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A+ GRADED
The path of blood flow through the heart takes the following route: blood flows
from the ______ _______ to the _______ ________, then through the ______ valve
to the ______ ventricle, then through the ______ valve to the pulmonary _______,
then onward to the ______, back through the __________ veins, the _______
atrium, the ______ valve, the _____ventricle, the _____ valve, the ______, and
finally to the tissues of the body.
vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid, right, pulmonary, artery, lungs, pulmonary, left, mitral,
left, aortic, aorta,
arise from mitral and tricuspid valve closure __________
S1
aortic and pulmonary valve closure________
S2
In the electrical pathway of the heart, Normally, the signal starts with the
sinoatrial node (____node), which is the pacemaker of the heart. The SA node
leads to ______ depolarization. The signal travels down ________ pathways such
as _______ bundle, and then travels to the _____ node (atrioventricular node).
The signal then travels to the Bundle of ______, down the left and right bundle
_______, and then to the ________ fibers.
SA, atrial, internodal, Bachman's, AV, his, branches, Purkinje
___________ triggers mechanical activity. Systole, _______ of the heart muscle,
results in ________ of blood from the ventricles. Relaxation of the heart muscle,
diastole, allows for ______ of the ventricles
depolarization, contraction, ejection, filling
Cardiac output (CO) is the amount of blood pumped by each______ in 1 minute. It
is calculated by multiplying the amount of ______ _____ from the ventricle with
each heartbeat: stroke volume (SV) times heart rate (HR) per minute:
ventricle, blood ejected
What is stroke volume? Amount of _____ ______ from the ventricle with
each_________
blood ejected, heartbeat
For the normal adult at rest, CO is maintained in the range of __________ L/min.
4-8
Increasing preload, contractility, and afterload increases the ______ of the heart
muscle, resulting in increased ____ demand.
worload, 02
The volume of blood _______ the ventricles at the end of _______, before the next
contraction, is called ________.
stretching, diastole, preload
Preload can be increased by conditions such as h_________, ______valve
disease, and _______volemia.
hypertension, aortic, hypervolemia
Preload is decreased when a _____ HR or ________ reduces ventricular filling
during diastole.
,rapid, hypovolemia
Contractility can be increased by e________ and n__________ released by the
sympathetic nervous system. Increasing contractility raises the SV by increasing
ventricular _______.
epinephrine, norepinephrine, emptying
Afterload is the peripheral _______ against which the left ventricle must pump.
resistance
In Afterload, increasing the work demand of the heart, results in ventricular
________, an enlargement of the heart muscle without an increase in ___ or the
_____ of chambers.
hypertrophy, CO, size
Although we often think of afterload as affecting left heart function, both right and
left ventricles work ________ resistance. The right ventricle pumps against the
________ of _______ arterial resistance.
against, afterload, pulmonary
Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system ________the HR, speed of
impulse conduction through the ____ node, and force of atrial and ventricular
contractions. This effect is mediated by specific sites in the heart called _____
(β)-adrenergic receptors, which are receptors for norepinephrine and
epinephrine.
increases, AV, beta
stimulation of the parasympathetic system (mediated by the _____ nerve) slows
the HR by decreasing the impulses from the ____ node and thus conduction
through the AV node.
vagus, SA
Gerontologic Considerations: CVD is the leading cause of death in adults older
than age 65. The most common cardiovascular problem is coronary artery
disease (CAD) due to__________
atherosclerosis
Gerontologic Considerations: Many of the physiologic changes in the
cardiovascular system of older adults are a result of the combined effects of the
aging process, ________, environmental factors, and ______ health behaviors
rather than just age alone.
disease, lifetime
Gerontologic Considerations: Kyphosis/ Altered chest ________ for palpation,
percussion, and auscultation. _______ heart sounds
landmarks, distant
Gerontologic Considerations: Myocardial h________, ↑collagen and _______,
↓elastin/ ↓ Cardiac reserve, HF. S4 may be present
hypertrophy, scarring
Gerontologic Considerations: Downward displacement/ Difficulty in isolating
______ pulse.
apical
Gerontologic Considerations: ↓ CO, HR, SV in response to ______ or stress/ ↓
Response to exercise and stress. Slowed recovery from activity
excercise
, Gerontologic Considerations: Cellular aging and fibrosis of conduction system/ ↓
Amplitude of _____ complex and slight lengthening of PR, QRS, and QT intervals.
______ cardiac rhythms, ↓maximal HR, ↓ HR variability
QRS, irregular
Gerontologic Considerations: Valvular rigidity from c___________, sclerosis, or
fibrosis, impeding complete closure of valves/ S_______ murmur (aortic or mitral)
possible without a sign of cardiovascular disease
calcification,systolic
Gerontologic Considerations: Arterial stiffening caused by loss of _____ in
arterial walls, thickening of intima of arteries, and progressive fibrosis of media/ ↑
In _____ and possible ↑ or ↓ in DBP. Possible widened pulse pressure. Pedal
pulses diminished. I________ claudication
elastin, SBP, INTERMITTENT
Gerontologic Considerations: Venous tortuosity increased/ Inflamed, painful, or
cordlike varicosities. _______ edema
dependent
Gerontologic considerations: Orthostatic hypotension may be related to ______
and/or decreased baroreceptor function.
drugs
name this rhythm
1st degree AV block
treatment for 1st degree heart block
none or atropine 1 mg IV, pacing
Causes of 1st degree heart block _____, _____, rheumatic fever, hyperthyroidism,
electrolyte imbalances (e.g., _________), vagal stimulation, and drugs, such as
______, β-blockers, calcium channel blockers,
MI,CAD, HYPOKALEMIA, digoxin
1st degree av block features/ Prolonged ____ interval due.
PR
Name this rhythm
2nd degree AV block Type I (Mobitz Type I, Wenckebach’s)
Causes of 2nd-degree AV block Type 1 Wenckebach's/ May result from drugs,
such as d_______ or β-blockers. It may be associated with _______ and other
diseases that can slow ____ conduction.
digoxin, CAD, AV
Treatment of 2nd-degree AV block Type 1 Wenckebach's/ a________ if rate is low,
p___________
atropine, pacing
2nd-degree AV block Type 1 Wenckebach's characteristics/ Progressive
lengthening of the _____ interval and dropped__________
PR, QRS
Name this rhythm
Second-degree AV block Type 2 Mobitz II heart block
Second-degree AV block Type 2 Mobitz II heart block causes/ ________ heart
disease, _______, anterior MI, and _______ toxicity.
rheumatic, CAD, drug
The path of blood flow through the heart takes the following route: blood flows
from the ______ _______ to the _______ ________, then through the ______ valve
to the ______ ventricle, then through the ______ valve to the pulmonary _______,
then onward to the ______, back through the __________ veins, the _______
atrium, the ______ valve, the _____ventricle, the _____ valve, the ______, and
finally to the tissues of the body.
vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid, right, pulmonary, artery, lungs, pulmonary, left, mitral,
left, aortic, aorta,
arise from mitral and tricuspid valve closure __________
S1
aortic and pulmonary valve closure________
S2
In the electrical pathway of the heart, Normally, the signal starts with the
sinoatrial node (____node), which is the pacemaker of the heart. The SA node
leads to ______ depolarization. The signal travels down ________ pathways such
as _______ bundle, and then travels to the _____ node (atrioventricular node).
The signal then travels to the Bundle of ______, down the left and right bundle
_______, and then to the ________ fibers.
SA, atrial, internodal, Bachman's, AV, his, branches, Purkinje
___________ triggers mechanical activity. Systole, _______ of the heart muscle,
results in ________ of blood from the ventricles. Relaxation of the heart muscle,
diastole, allows for ______ of the ventricles
depolarization, contraction, ejection, filling
Cardiac output (CO) is the amount of blood pumped by each______ in 1 minute. It
is calculated by multiplying the amount of ______ _____ from the ventricle with
each heartbeat: stroke volume (SV) times heart rate (HR) per minute:
ventricle, blood ejected
What is stroke volume? Amount of _____ ______ from the ventricle with
each_________
blood ejected, heartbeat
For the normal adult at rest, CO is maintained in the range of __________ L/min.
4-8
Increasing preload, contractility, and afterload increases the ______ of the heart
muscle, resulting in increased ____ demand.
worload, 02
The volume of blood _______ the ventricles at the end of _______, before the next
contraction, is called ________.
stretching, diastole, preload
Preload can be increased by conditions such as h_________, ______valve
disease, and _______volemia.
hypertension, aortic, hypervolemia
Preload is decreased when a _____ HR or ________ reduces ventricular filling
during diastole.
,rapid, hypovolemia
Contractility can be increased by e________ and n__________ released by the
sympathetic nervous system. Increasing contractility raises the SV by increasing
ventricular _______.
epinephrine, norepinephrine, emptying
Afterload is the peripheral _______ against which the left ventricle must pump.
resistance
In Afterload, increasing the work demand of the heart, results in ventricular
________, an enlargement of the heart muscle without an increase in ___ or the
_____ of chambers.
hypertrophy, CO, size
Although we often think of afterload as affecting left heart function, both right and
left ventricles work ________ resistance. The right ventricle pumps against the
________ of _______ arterial resistance.
against, afterload, pulmonary
Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system ________the HR, speed of
impulse conduction through the ____ node, and force of atrial and ventricular
contractions. This effect is mediated by specific sites in the heart called _____
(β)-adrenergic receptors, which are receptors for norepinephrine and
epinephrine.
increases, AV, beta
stimulation of the parasympathetic system (mediated by the _____ nerve) slows
the HR by decreasing the impulses from the ____ node and thus conduction
through the AV node.
vagus, SA
Gerontologic Considerations: CVD is the leading cause of death in adults older
than age 65. The most common cardiovascular problem is coronary artery
disease (CAD) due to__________
atherosclerosis
Gerontologic Considerations: Many of the physiologic changes in the
cardiovascular system of older adults are a result of the combined effects of the
aging process, ________, environmental factors, and ______ health behaviors
rather than just age alone.
disease, lifetime
Gerontologic Considerations: Kyphosis/ Altered chest ________ for palpation,
percussion, and auscultation. _______ heart sounds
landmarks, distant
Gerontologic Considerations: Myocardial h________, ↑collagen and _______,
↓elastin/ ↓ Cardiac reserve, HF. S4 may be present
hypertrophy, scarring
Gerontologic Considerations: Downward displacement/ Difficulty in isolating
______ pulse.
apical
Gerontologic Considerations: ↓ CO, HR, SV in response to ______ or stress/ ↓
Response to exercise and stress. Slowed recovery from activity
excercise
, Gerontologic Considerations: Cellular aging and fibrosis of conduction system/ ↓
Amplitude of _____ complex and slight lengthening of PR, QRS, and QT intervals.
______ cardiac rhythms, ↓maximal HR, ↓ HR variability
QRS, irregular
Gerontologic Considerations: Valvular rigidity from c___________, sclerosis, or
fibrosis, impeding complete closure of valves/ S_______ murmur (aortic or mitral)
possible without a sign of cardiovascular disease
calcification,systolic
Gerontologic Considerations: Arterial stiffening caused by loss of _____ in
arterial walls, thickening of intima of arteries, and progressive fibrosis of media/ ↑
In _____ and possible ↑ or ↓ in DBP. Possible widened pulse pressure. Pedal
pulses diminished. I________ claudication
elastin, SBP, INTERMITTENT
Gerontologic Considerations: Venous tortuosity increased/ Inflamed, painful, or
cordlike varicosities. _______ edema
dependent
Gerontologic considerations: Orthostatic hypotension may be related to ______
and/or decreased baroreceptor function.
drugs
name this rhythm
1st degree AV block
treatment for 1st degree heart block
none or atropine 1 mg IV, pacing
Causes of 1st degree heart block _____, _____, rheumatic fever, hyperthyroidism,
electrolyte imbalances (e.g., _________), vagal stimulation, and drugs, such as
______, β-blockers, calcium channel blockers,
MI,CAD, HYPOKALEMIA, digoxin
1st degree av block features/ Prolonged ____ interval due.
PR
Name this rhythm
2nd degree AV block Type I (Mobitz Type I, Wenckebach’s)
Causes of 2nd-degree AV block Type 1 Wenckebach's/ May result from drugs,
such as d_______ or β-blockers. It may be associated with _______ and other
diseases that can slow ____ conduction.
digoxin, CAD, AV
Treatment of 2nd-degree AV block Type 1 Wenckebach's/ a________ if rate is low,
p___________
atropine, pacing
2nd-degree AV block Type 1 Wenckebach's characteristics/ Progressive
lengthening of the _____ interval and dropped__________
PR, QRS
Name this rhythm
Second-degree AV block Type 2 Mobitz II heart block
Second-degree AV block Type 2 Mobitz II heart block causes/ ________ heart
disease, _______, anterior MI, and _______ toxicity.
rheumatic, CAD, drug
