Valvular Heart Disease practice que & answ
1. What characterizes chronic Aortic Regurgitation (AR)?: Chronic AR is
char- acterized by an increase in both preload and afterload, causing
the left ventricle (LV) to undergo eccentric hypertrophy.
2. What happens to sarcomeres in chronic Aortic Regurgitation (AR)?: In
chronic AR, sarcomeres are added in series, leading to chamber
enlargement that accommodates both the regurgitant volume and
forward stroke volume.
3. What can happen over time in chronic Aortic Regurgitation (AR)?: Over
time, the compensatory mechanism in chronic AR may fail, leading to
left ventricle (LV) systolic dysfunction and heart failure.
4. How does acute Aortic Regurgitation (AR) present?: Acute AR presents
as a sudden increase in LV diastolic pressure without sufficient time for
compensatory remodeling.
5. What are the consequences of acute Aortic Regurgitation (AR)?: Acute
AR results in pulmonary congestion and acute heart failure, as the LV
cannot effectively manage the abrupt volume overload.
6. What is a common cause of chronic Aortic Regurgitation related to
aortic root dilation?: Marfan syndrome, aneurysm, or age-related
changes.
7. What congenital abnormality is associated with chronic Aortic
Regurgita- tion?: Bicuspid aortic valve.
8. What condition, now less common in developed countries, can lead
to chronic Aortic Regurgitation?: Rheumatic heart disease.
9. How does long-standing hypertension contribute to Aortic
Regurgitation?-
: It contributes to left ventricular remodeling and AR progression.
10.What is a sudden cause of acute Aortic Regurgitation?: Aortic
dissection.
11.What condition can lead to significant regurgitation in acute Aortic
Regur- gitation?: Infective endocarditis.
12.What can cause acute Aortic Regurgitation aside from aortic dissection
and infective endocarditis?: Trauma or prosthetic valve dysfunction.
13.What are the symptoms of chronic Aortic Regurgitation (AR)?:
Exertional dyspnea, fatigue, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and
orthopnea.
14.What symptoms may occur in chronic Aortic Regurgitation (AR)
besides dyspnea?: Angina and atypical chest pain.
15.How does acute Aortic Regurgitation (AR) present?: Dramatically with
se- vere pulmonary edema, hypotension, and shock.
, Valvular Heart Disease practice que & answ
16.What is a characteristic sign of Aortic Regurgitation (AR) related to
pulse pressure?: Wide pulse pressure due to high systolic and low
diastolic pressures.
17.What is a Corrigan pulse (AR)?: A rapid upstroke and quick collapse of
arterial pulses, also known as a water-hammer pulse.
, Valvular Heart Disease practice que & answ
18.What is the Austin-Flint murmur (AR)?: A low-pitched, mid-diastolic
rumble heard at the apex, suggesting mitral valve inflow obstruction.
19.What are Quincke pulses?: Capillary nailbed pulsations associated
with Aortic Regurgitation (AR).
20.What is the Duroziez sign?: A femoral to-and-fro murmur
associated with Aortic Regurgitation (AR).
21.What is Musset sign?: Head bobbing with each heartbeat,
associated with Aortic Regurgitation (AR).
22.What is a diagnostic finding in Electrocardiography (ECG) for chronic
Aortic Regurgitation (AR)?: LV hypertrophy with secondary repolarization
abnor- malities.
23.What is a diagnostic finding in Electrocardiography (ECG) for acute
Aortic Regurgitation (AR)?: Often nonspecific, especially early in the
disease.
24. What does chest radiography show in chronic Aortic Regurgitation
(AR)?-
: Cardiomegaly with LV prominence and occasionally a dilated ascending
aorta.
25. What does chest radiography show in acute Aortic Regurgitation (AR)?:
Normal heart size but pulmonary congestion.
26.What does echocardiography identify in Aortic Regurgitation (AR)?:
LV dilation, assesses LV function, and quantifies regurgitant fraction
using Doppler imaging.
27.What is the purpose of Color Doppler in echocardiography for
Aortic Regurgitation (AR)?: To estimate regurgitant jet size and
severity.
28.What does Cardiac MRI provide in the evaluation of Aortic
Regurgitation (AR)?: Detailed imaging of the aortic root and regurgitant
fraction.
29.What is the use of CT Angiography in Aortic Regurgitation (AR)?: Useful
for evaluating aortic root dilation or aneurysm.
30.What laboratory test result may indicate early LV dysfunction in
Aortic Regurgitation (AR)?: Elevated B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)
or NT-proBNP.
31.What is the treatment for acute Aortic Regurgitation?: Emergent valve
re- placement is required to prevent irreversible heart failure or death.
32. What is a temporary stabilization method for acute Aortic
Regurgitation?-
: Vasodilators (e.g., nitroprusside) can be used to reduce afterload
1. What characterizes chronic Aortic Regurgitation (AR)?: Chronic AR is
char- acterized by an increase in both preload and afterload, causing
the left ventricle (LV) to undergo eccentric hypertrophy.
2. What happens to sarcomeres in chronic Aortic Regurgitation (AR)?: In
chronic AR, sarcomeres are added in series, leading to chamber
enlargement that accommodates both the regurgitant volume and
forward stroke volume.
3. What can happen over time in chronic Aortic Regurgitation (AR)?: Over
time, the compensatory mechanism in chronic AR may fail, leading to
left ventricle (LV) systolic dysfunction and heart failure.
4. How does acute Aortic Regurgitation (AR) present?: Acute AR presents
as a sudden increase in LV diastolic pressure without sufficient time for
compensatory remodeling.
5. What are the consequences of acute Aortic Regurgitation (AR)?: Acute
AR results in pulmonary congestion and acute heart failure, as the LV
cannot effectively manage the abrupt volume overload.
6. What is a common cause of chronic Aortic Regurgitation related to
aortic root dilation?: Marfan syndrome, aneurysm, or age-related
changes.
7. What congenital abnormality is associated with chronic Aortic
Regurgita- tion?: Bicuspid aortic valve.
8. What condition, now less common in developed countries, can lead
to chronic Aortic Regurgitation?: Rheumatic heart disease.
9. How does long-standing hypertension contribute to Aortic
Regurgitation?-
: It contributes to left ventricular remodeling and AR progression.
10.What is a sudden cause of acute Aortic Regurgitation?: Aortic
dissection.
11.What condition can lead to significant regurgitation in acute Aortic
Regur- gitation?: Infective endocarditis.
12.What can cause acute Aortic Regurgitation aside from aortic dissection
and infective endocarditis?: Trauma or prosthetic valve dysfunction.
13.What are the symptoms of chronic Aortic Regurgitation (AR)?:
Exertional dyspnea, fatigue, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and
orthopnea.
14.What symptoms may occur in chronic Aortic Regurgitation (AR)
besides dyspnea?: Angina and atypical chest pain.
15.How does acute Aortic Regurgitation (AR) present?: Dramatically with
se- vere pulmonary edema, hypotension, and shock.
, Valvular Heart Disease practice que & answ
16.What is a characteristic sign of Aortic Regurgitation (AR) related to
pulse pressure?: Wide pulse pressure due to high systolic and low
diastolic pressures.
17.What is a Corrigan pulse (AR)?: A rapid upstroke and quick collapse of
arterial pulses, also known as a water-hammer pulse.
, Valvular Heart Disease practice que & answ
18.What is the Austin-Flint murmur (AR)?: A low-pitched, mid-diastolic
rumble heard at the apex, suggesting mitral valve inflow obstruction.
19.What are Quincke pulses?: Capillary nailbed pulsations associated
with Aortic Regurgitation (AR).
20.What is the Duroziez sign?: A femoral to-and-fro murmur
associated with Aortic Regurgitation (AR).
21.What is Musset sign?: Head bobbing with each heartbeat,
associated with Aortic Regurgitation (AR).
22.What is a diagnostic finding in Electrocardiography (ECG) for chronic
Aortic Regurgitation (AR)?: LV hypertrophy with secondary repolarization
abnor- malities.
23.What is a diagnostic finding in Electrocardiography (ECG) for acute
Aortic Regurgitation (AR)?: Often nonspecific, especially early in the
disease.
24. What does chest radiography show in chronic Aortic Regurgitation
(AR)?-
: Cardiomegaly with LV prominence and occasionally a dilated ascending
aorta.
25. What does chest radiography show in acute Aortic Regurgitation (AR)?:
Normal heart size but pulmonary congestion.
26.What does echocardiography identify in Aortic Regurgitation (AR)?:
LV dilation, assesses LV function, and quantifies regurgitant fraction
using Doppler imaging.
27.What is the purpose of Color Doppler in echocardiography for
Aortic Regurgitation (AR)?: To estimate regurgitant jet size and
severity.
28.What does Cardiac MRI provide in the evaluation of Aortic
Regurgitation (AR)?: Detailed imaging of the aortic root and regurgitant
fraction.
29.What is the use of CT Angiography in Aortic Regurgitation (AR)?: Useful
for evaluating aortic root dilation or aneurysm.
30.What laboratory test result may indicate early LV dysfunction in
Aortic Regurgitation (AR)?: Elevated B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)
or NT-proBNP.
31.What is the treatment for acute Aortic Regurgitation?: Emergent valve
re- placement is required to prevent irreversible heart failure or death.
32. What is a temporary stabilization method for acute Aortic
Regurgitation?-
: Vasodilators (e.g., nitroprusside) can be used to reduce afterload
